Sustainability plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sustainability plan - Coursework Example Sustainability principles were applied in all areas of activities of the Games that helped to achieve the broader objectives of sustainable legacy plans. The five themes vis-a-vis climate change; waste management; biodiversity; inclusion; and healthy living were major platforms that exploited sustainability principles to bring about major change in the behaviour of the people as well as initiated a new paradigm of sustainability within sports. London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games successfully achieved its sustainability objectives as defined within its plans. Introduction Sustainable development practices have become one of the most crucial issues of contemporary times. Scientific advancement, globalization and lifestyle changes have brought mixed blessings in people’s lives. While they have contributed to better living conditions, they have also been linked to degradation of environment that threatens the survival of human species on earth. The adverse effect on the ecolo gy necessitates development of effective mechanism that would address the issue of sustainable practices within our lifestyles. The environment conservation and preservation need to be intrinsically linked to human activities so that finite resources of the nature could be sustained for future generation. ... The paper is an analytical business report on the success of the London 2012 Olympic Games in terms of sustainability. Overview of London Olympics London 2012 Olympic Games were held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 which was followed by Paralympic Games from 29 August to 9 September where 300 events were held. 205 nations took part in Olympic Games and 147 nations in Paralympic Games. 10, 568 athletes participated in the games with women making 44% of the competitors. The games witnessed more than 25,000 artists across the countries, 70, 000 volunteers, nearly 1.5 million people visited free events at festival, 1,450,000 visited gallery and museum and over 600,000 people attended events, performances etc. at the games (IOC-2, 2012). Managing and catering to the needs of gigantic number of people was a major challenge for London Olympic committee, especially when sustainability was critical issue across all activities of the Games. The responsibility for organizing the games was primar ily on LOCOG or London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games and ODA or Olympic Delivery Authority. The two organisations were supported by various stakeholders like Minister of Olympics, Mayor of London and British Olympic Association. The main partners were: London Development Authority (LDA), Olympic Park Legacy Company (OPLC), Transport of London, British Paralympic Association; six host boroughs vis-a-vis Barking and Dagenham, Greenwich, Hackney, Newham, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forests; and sponsors and commercial partners (London 2012 sustainable plan, 2009). LOCOG was meticulous in its strategic planning and earned gold in Environmental and Sustainability category of the 6th International Sports

Preparing a business case - health care centre in Sydney Coursework

Preparing a business case - health care centre in Sydney - Coursework Example ..13-14 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16-17 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.18-20 1.0 Executive Summary The need to improve on the availability of affordable and reliable health care services for the city residents is an issue of paramount importance considering that few health care facilities are available in the city. The few health care facilities cannot cater for the city population, which stands at over two million and continues to double every d ecade. Upon completion, Royal health centre will be in the capacity to serve this population. Royal Health Centre’s main goal is to offer affordable medical services to the city dwellers in order to solve the problem of congestion on the available health facilities. The centre will mainly focus on providing quality health care and prescription medication to the middle and low-income residents. Royal health centre will provide both inpatients and outpatient services on a small-scale basis. A community elected board consisting of six individuals will manage the health centre. A Chief Executive Officer who will report to Board of Directors will manage the health centre as the head of the facility. The office of the Board of Directors is elective and shall consist of individuals residing in the city. The Chief Executive Officer is an appointee of the Board of Directors and should be a qualified doctor. The board shall also employ nine more employees to help in the day to day runn ing of the facility. The Chief Executive Officer is Dr. Franklin. He will be charged with the responsibility of maintaining high medical standards in addition to creating a feasible cost-effective medical practice. He will also be in-charge of diagnosis and treatment of ailments whilst focusing on preventive medication and general wellness of patients. The facility will make use of modern medical equipment as well as highly trained medical personnel. 2.0 Introduction Royal health centre will endeavour to provide optimal health care and well-being of individual patients, for instance, a nutritionist who will be employed shall advise on recommended diet. Complicated health conditions that require complex procedures shall be attended after a careful analysis of risks and benefits which must be in written consent. Where treatment of a complication is not possible at Royal health centre, Dr. Franklin will give referral to specialists for further diagnosis and treatment. Dr. Franklin will be assisted by five other doctors, a nutritionist, a medical lab specialist, a cleaner and a receptionist. It is worth noting that marketing is a matter of paramount importance bearing in mind the need to serve the large population. The strategy combines the use of two media; print and electronic. It will in future explore the possibility of using promotional events. On financial matters, the health centre will depend on funding from the National Medical Service. The funding will cater for initial operational cost as well as staff remuneration and payroll taxes. Our anticipation is to have patient influx increase with time this will increase the revenue.

Impact of Media on Indigenous Cultures

Impact of Media on Indigenous Cultures KSENIA LIESSAY CRITICALLY DISCUSS HOW MEDIA IMPACTS INDEGENOUS COMMUNITIES Indigenous people groups over the world have been influenced by the presentation of innovations from remote societies for many years. Some have not incredibly changed their lifestyles, while others have totally changed identities toward oneself, whole social orders and perspectives. Current innovations, particularly telecommunication and PC advances, permit indigenous gatherings to take an interest in the bigger social orders and economies around them. These innovations additionally empower them to protect and advertise their lifestyle for their relatives and for our aggregate learning of human history(studymode 2014). The result is less moral and a bundle of information that is figured to be futile (Keen 2007). As said by Franklin Roosevelt, Vote based system cant succeed unless the individuals who state their decision are readied to pick sagaciously consequently relying upon the all inclusive community, democratization of data on the web could be both a great angle and an awful perspective. Internet organizing or societal frameworks organization has fundamentally wound up a bit of our consistently lives and being heaved around over the past few years. It is like any conceivable media, for instance, newsprint, radio and TV, notwithstanding it is considerably more than for all intents and purpose granting data and contemplations. Long extend interpersonal correspondence devices like Twitter, Facebook, Flickr and Blogs have energized the creation and exchange of plans so quickly and for the most part than the formal media. The power of describing and control a brand is moving from organizations and foundations to individuals and aggregations (Tay 2014).communication is a key a piece of human life. It is the exchange of arrangements and suspicions between and around people(studymode 2014). This correspondence can happen up close and particular or through a conduct. Overall correspondence can, consequently, be depicted as the sort of correspondence that happens across over edges i.e. between different states or landmasses. Overall correspondence is honest to goodness basic in overall associations in light of the way that the Earth is right away dependent, so countries need normal acquaintanceship and understanding with every one thusly. This trans-outskirt correspondence is solidly turned the united nation proclamations of human rights which adaptability of information is part of. This has obliged a free stream of information between countries. Telecommunication building empowers various differing frameworks for correspondence between people. The Internet is used by indigenous aggregates for updating, talk rooms, radio stations, trademark conferencing, and immediate data assembling by taking a gander at Web destinations. If, despite everything that indigenously supported Internet belonging and improvements are any noteworthiness of Indigenous social order arrangement to acknowledge the innovative time, the response is that different Indigenous totals see telecommunication and PC impels as a procedure to enhance, rather than impede, opportunity, safeguarding of social request, real impact, and general money related conditions. Media has the picking essentialness of choices both for what is news and what acquires to be scattered, and the proficience to mean, occasions, circumstances, individuals and circumstances in useful ways. Likewise, media are recognized as a part stakeholder in offering centrality to issues and extraordinarily up as a tenet social request space. Expansive levels of talks are in progress around the impacts of the media; an inside reason of media examination is that the making of news has the potential conclusions of impacting book accomplices or social events of people (Ukessays.com 2014). Online networking likewise impacts individuals purchasing practices. Advanced Influence Group reported that 91% of the individuals say buyer surveys are the #1 help to purchasing choices and 87% trust a companions great word over a commentators audit. It is thrice less averse to trust associate assessments over promoting for purchasing choices.. 1 expressions of-mouth discussion has an effect of 200 TV ads(smallbizbee.com 2009). Additionally conveying the opportunity to distinguish a pack of citizenry in a snappy and delicate way, online networking likewise helped youngsters who hold social or physical portability confinements to construct and maintain associations with their companions and kinfolks. Kids who head out abroad to study can at present stay in compelling touch with their parents.to a more amazing reach out, there is recounted proof of positive conclusions from these innovations. In 2010, after the seismic tremor happened in Haiti, a hefty portion of the authority correspondence lines were down. Whatever is left of the world was not equipped to handle the full picture of the circumstances there. To encourage the offering of data and make up for the absence of data, social networking came in extremely convenient to report the news about the influenced range on what happened and what help was required. Tweets from numerous individuals gave an amazing diagram of the progressing occasions from the seismic tremor. BBC secured the event by joining together tweets from the work of its journalist Matthew Price in Port-au-Prince at the ground. Guardians live blog similarly used long range interpersonal communication together with the information from diverse news acquaintanceships to report about the rescue mission (Smallbizbee.com 2009). One of the most serious issues indigenous aggregations have experienced has been the Computerized Divide, which arranges the extraordinary unwashed who have entry to current designing science from those without access. Likely the most far reaching utilization of the Internet by indigenous individuals has been in saving and advertising their progress and history. Not just that, data nowadays might be imparted simply to few clicks and millions will have entry to it (Keen 2007). This essentially implies that as additional data is included to the web, clients unknowingly steal the work of others; it normally happens in circumstances whereby some on Youtube may make a spread for a tune preferred by the masses yet no rights have be Bibliography StudyMode. Influence Of social Media Networks on the flow of International Communication College Essays Odinma-Chima. 2014. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Influence-Of-Social-Media-Networks-On-46621803.html (accessed 20 Mar 2014). Ukessays.com. Aboriginal Family And The Mainstream Media Sociology Essay. 2014. http://www.ukessays.com/essays/sociology/aboriginal-family-and-the-mainstream-media-sociology-essay.php (accessed 20 Mar 2014). Smallbizbee.com. The Conversation: An Introduction to Social Media. 2009. http://smallbizbee.com/index/2009/02/07/conversation-introduction-social/ (accessed 20 Mar 2014). News.asiaone.com. Tied up and humiliated on birthday. 2014. http://news.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20081113-100397.html (accessed 20 Mar 2014). Tay, Raymond. Untitled. 2014. http://ezinearticles.com/?Impact-of-Social-Media-on-Societyid=5378885 (accessed 20 Mar 2014). Hanson, Jarice. â€Å"24/7: Anytime, anywhere.† 24/7: How Cell Phones and the Internet Change The Way We Live, Work and Play. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2007. Jacobs, Joanne. Internet Democracy. 1998. http://www.abc.net.au/ola/citizen/interdemoc/democ.htm (accessed July 10, 2012). Baron, Naomi. â€Å"The people we become: The cost of being always on.† In Always on: Language in an online and mobile world, by Naomi Baron. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. The University of Kentucky. Plagiarism: Definitions, Examples and Penalties. 12 December 1998. http://www.chem.uky.edu/courses/common/plagiarism.html (accessed July 10, 2012). Keen, Andrew. The great seduction. In the cult of the amateur: How todays internet is killing our culture. New York, 2007.

Ishmeal and Maya Angelou :: essays papers

Ishmeal and Maya Angelou There are many different views on how people should live our lives. All of these different philosophies come from many different places. They come from religions, people's cultures, and their morals that they have been taught. People live by these rules they were brought into from the day they are born and do not question them. In "A Rock, A River, A Tree", by Maya Angelou and Ishmael, by Daniel Quinn, both attempt to show how humans should live their lives and survive in a community. There way of changing the world is to convince readers to stand up and speak out about how to save the world. Daniel Quinn specificly helps readers to see that our lives are governed by matured laws that humans refuse to acknowledge-- this causing their, our destruction. In Ishmael Daniel Quinn sets the idea of having to think differently by having the book being told my a man who's teacher is a talking Gorilla. The Gorilla's name is ironicly Ishmael. Ishmael teaches captivity which he has been in his whole life and has mastered. As a Gorilla he has a totally different view on the world. He states in many ways that he believes that we must stand up for saving the world. In the beginning of the book Ishmael is talking about Germany before and during World War Two. He talks about how everyone followed the story if they believed in it or not "because the people around you made you captive" by the story by believing in it. Behind that story is another one the makes your mind think that maybe if that one person did stand a few people would realize that it was wrong and stand up too, and maybe the WWII or the holocaust would have never happened. Later in the book they are working on why people are knowingly destroying the world and doing nothing about it . Ishmael tries to explain that they "try not think too searchingly about the world they're leaving their children to cope with." He says that they are "pacified" about the subject. This is Quinn's way of using a scare tactic on the readers, to make us believe we are brain washed and need to rebel. Later in the book there is another story about how men kept jumping off from the edge of a cliff with a flying contraption, believing it will work all the way up until they hit the ground, think in the way that they "made it this far without a scratch".

Love and Marriage

Essay: ENG 101 Romantic Love and Marriage Love for the opposite sex has always been a controlling factor for mankind. (Brown 2nd Paragraph) Even so, romantic love is a poor basis for marriage. Many married couples are often asked, â€Å"Why did you two finally decide to get married? † A question that is answered over seventy-five percent of the time with, â€Å"Well because we are in love. † Of course, love should be a factor considered when making the decision to get married, but considering marriage in the eyes of most individuals is forever romantic love shouldn’t be the only basis for deciding to â€Å"tie the knot. There are five myths the revolve around making the decision to marry that many people consider true because of the old fashioned values their parents raised them with. Some of which are the deciding factors for those individuals when they are faced with the choice of getting married or not. Those false truths are as follows: (1) married families are happier; (2) marrying and having children is the â€Å"natural† thing to do; (3) â€Å"good† families are self-sufficient; (4) every family is a bastion of love and support; and (5) married couples should strive for the â€Å"perfect† family (Benokaritis).These myths are not only common to many Americans, but they are believed to be true as well. These myths, along with romantic love are as I stated earlier a poor basis for something as complex as marriage. There are several factors that should be considered and ever present within the relationship before a marriage should take place. Besides romantic love, commitment should be present before a couple makes the decision to get married.When you are committed to another person you are dedicated to them, but according to the Urban Dictionary commitment is what transforms a promise into reality. You are realistically making a choice to be responsible if you will, for another individual. Making the decision to st and by your significant other in all aspects of one another’s lives. You commit yourself to help that person aspire to their hopes and fulfill their obligations as well as their responsibilities. Unlike in the dating situation once you are married you are obliged to stay committed to our significant other. You can’t just utter the words, â€Å"Its over,† and expect to walk away with all of your responsibilities lifted. So, commitment is an important factor that should be present before a couple chooses to dedicate themselves to one another until â€Å"death do us part. † Trust, according to Webster’s Dictionary is defined as reliance on integrity, strength, ability, and the surety of a person; confidence. As well as the confident expectation of something; hope. I’ve heard may people say, â€Å"Without trust a relationship is nothing. A statement that I agree with whole heartedly. In a relationship, especially in a marriage you have to have a level of trust for your partner. You have to know you can rely on that person, be confident within that persons strengths, abilities, and the sureness of their choices and decisions. Along, with having the confidence to expect greater things from your partner because in a marriage two becomes one, which means the actions taken and decisions made by one partner affects both individuals within the relationship. Note: Rough copy of my essay; my entire essay isn’t included but a couple of my main points as well as my thesis are. My bibliography is also included, but I may add more sources depending on the sources I choose for the remaining points of my essay. BIBLIOGRAPHY Benokaritis, Nijole. â€Å"Marriages and Families. † Changes, Choices, and Constraints. Fourth Edition (2009) May, William. â€Å"Marriage The Rock On Which The Family Is Built. † Second Edition (2009-2010)

Food Hygeine

4. 3 Describe basic food safety when providing food and drink to children and young people The Prevention of Food Poisoning Store food safely Keep food cold, the fridge should be kept as cold as possible without freezing the food ( 1-5 . c or 34-41. c) Freezers should be kept at -18 or below Cover or wrap food with food wrap of microwave cling film Never refreeze food Do not use food that is past the sell-by date Always read instructions on food packaging when storing food Once a tin is open store in a covered potStore raw foods at the bottom of the fridge in case of any dripping onto cooked food Always wash hands in warm soapy water and dry thoroughly before handling food Wear clean protective clothing when in the kitchen Keep food covered at all times Wash all fruit and vegetables before use Never cough or sneeze over food Always cover cuts with a blue plaster Keep work surfaces and chopping boards clean use different coloured chopping boards for raw meat raw fish fruit and vegetab les Make sure that meat is cooked through before serving Avoid raw eggs as you could get salmonellaWhen reheating food make sure it is hot all the way through the dish to kill any germs Keeping the Kitchen Safe Teach the children to wash their hands before eating or preparing food and after they have used the toilet Keep it clean to avoid flies and other insects in the kitchen Stay away from the kitchen if you have sickness or diarrhoea Keep the kitchen clean: Clean work surfaces, the floor, utensils, sink, cloths and rubbish bins Tea towels and wash cloths should be kept clean and washed regularly Keep all rubbish bins covered and empty them regularlyKeep sharp knives and scissors stored safely where the children cannot reach them Good Food Hygiene When serving, preparing and clearing away food after meals and snacks you should observe the rules of food hygiene. 1. Wash hands with warm soapy water and dry them thoroughly 2. Wear clean protective clothing 3. Ensure any washing up is done with hot water and washing up liquid and wear rubber gloves.If possible put the washing up in a dish washer. 4. Tea towels should be washed regularly and clean ones should be used daily. 5. Never cough or sneeze over food or drink Wearing Aprons Wearing aprons helps to protect clothing and to stop the spread of germs Hand Washing Chopping Boards Using different coloured chopping boards helps to prevent cross – infection when preparing food.

Time Of The Butterflies Essays - In The Time Of The Butterflies

Time Of The Butterflies Essays - In The Time Of The Butterflies Time of the Butterflies In the world of historical fiction, there are few new and innovative writers, and not often are new styles developed. In the styles of Leon Uris and James Michener, two prolific modern historical fiction novelists, usually the main characters are chronicled over a short period of time in their lives, and their feelings are used only to outline the political matters they are surrounded by. In the Time of the Butterflies is a new breed of this genre, in that it closely follows the four Mirabal sisters from their early childhood up until the very end, and how the tyranny of the Dominican dictator Ra?l Trujillo affected their family. Julia Alvarez, an American of Dominican descent, wrote the novel from the point of view of all four sisters at different times, even using Ded? Mirabal?s point of view in 1994, when she was interviewed by Alvarez for information. Minerva, Maria Teresa, and Patria Mirabal were killed, with their driver Rufino de la Cruz, on November 25, 1960 as a result of their underground opposition to the rule of Trujillo. In the Time of the Butterflies follows these sisters and the sister that was not killed that day, Ded?, from their time in grammar school. Upon hearing horrible stories about Trujillo and his government, each sister except Ded? get involved in the secret resistance to Trujillo and the SIM, a group of guards similar to a secret police. The sisters have various encounters with the dictator, the last after being in jail for seven months. However, much of the novel is filled with happiness and light-hearted feelings among all the characters. The novel is divided into four parts; there are three main parts and an epilogue. The first two parts are, with the exception of the sisters? father?s death, all about the joyful childhood the sisters had, which ironically makes the story all the more sad. These parts describe the girls? time at boarding school, and later their various courtships and becoming aligned against Trujillo, all exciting times for the girls. The second two parts of the book concentrate on the sisters? time in jail and the time at which Trujillo and the SIM?s power went out of control. This is where the family becomes an actual target of the government. Trujillo himself even allegedly said, ?My only two problems are the damn church and the Mirabal sisters.? (51) Had In the Time the Butterflies been written like ordinary contemporary historical fiction novels, it wouldn?t have half its power. The beauty of the novel is the unbelievable emotional effect it has on a reader, combined with the fantastic conveying of the actual terror of Trujillo?s historic reign. A Michener or Uris novel might extraordinarily document a political regime or event, but leave the reader little in the way of emotion or passion; in comparison, works of any other genre generally aren?t beneficial to the reader for historical value, but could be a masterpiece of feeling. A typical critic would be hard-pressed to find a novel comparable to In the Time of the Butterflies in emotional effect and historical significance. Alvarez is a fantastic writer and can bring many a reader to tears, but the emotional effect can be a bit much for such a book. However, it is a true story, and to make it bland enough to not be as powerful as it is would be a travesty.

France and the Hijab Essays

France and the Hijab Essays France and the Hijab Essay France and the Hijab Essay The Muslim headscarf (hijab) possesses its religious significance from the Qur’an, which is the Word of God told by the Prophet Muhammad. Though the specificities of how much the headscarf covers varies in different countries, those who choose to wear it use the Qur’an as a source of God’s command. The variance of how much the headscarf should cover arises from the different interpretations of a vary vague quote in the Koran that addresses this issue: â€Å"And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what must ordinarily appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Through self-interpretation, these coverings can range from a simple headscarf (only covers the hair) to an Afghani burqa (covers the entire body, only leaving a mesh screen for the woman to see). The significance of the hijab for Muslim women who wear it varies greatly. For some, it is a way of demonstrating dedication to Islam; for others, it symbolizes worship and identity. Another interpretation reveals that â€Å"the purpose of the hijab is not to constrain women or to represent women’s inferiority,† which is a common interpretation of the hijab, â€Å"†¦[but] rather, it is to be worn as a protection from the gaze of males and to avoid being judged based on appearances. On February 10th, 2004, the National Assembly in France banned the wearing of all religious symbols, the Muslim headscarf (hijab) being their primary target, by students attending public, primary, and secondary schools. The passing of this legislation stirred a controversy related to weather this law infringes on a populations basic human rights as outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). : In this article, the freedom of expression, to an education, and to a manifestation of religion in practice and observance as outlined in articles 18, 19, and 27 of the UDHR, respectively, will be investigated in order to determine whether the legislation passed by the French government rids young Muslim girls of their basic human rights. ANALYSIS The banning of the hijabs in France encounters the dilemma of whether or not it is infringing the freedom of expression. In article 19 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it states â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. † French citizens in agreement with the legislation dispute that the hijab has been forced unto Muslim women, restricting their ability to express themselves, and symbolizing their inferiority to men. However, the Islamic community argues that the hijab expresses a Muslim woman’s beliefs in chastity, modesty and Islamic identity. Furthermore, those in favor of the ban suggest that the headscarf provokes extremist Islamic-terrorists. The Muslim headscarf, for most Muslims, is a religious obligation. Thus, on the contrary, it is simply seen as expression of obedience to the laws of the religion. The freedom to receive an education is another obstacle that the passing of this bill encounters. According to the first section of Article 26 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has the right to a free education at the fundamental stages of development. One of the main objectives of the hijab ban by the French government was to preserve France’s ideal of being a nation of assimilated culture. This is mirrored within the French public education system as it is geared towards universalizing its cultural ideals, and thus indirectly repressing underrepresented groups such as Islam. In this particular attempt to instill French culture within the young Muslim population, it has caused them to ultimately choose between their religion and their education. In response, individuals opposing the ban raise the argument that a repression of cultures can have a detrimental effect on a child’s ability to develop. Meira Levinson very fittingly expresses that schools provide a very unique social space in which children can be distant from their household customs and values and can be exposed to different religious backgrounds of other children. Attempting to repress these cultural differences at schools restricts this ideal environment in which children can develop. French citizens in support of the ban suggest that Muslim women who feel the need to wear the hijab have the option of attending private schools. However, Gereluk disputes that there are two problems associated with enrolling in private school. Firstly, private schools can often be fairly pricy and registration can be very competitive. Annual fee’s for private schools in France of 2,500 is very common. The second issue deals with the creation of a more homogenous setting in both private and public schools. Children in both private public schools will lack the benefit of being among a more diverse community of children. Finally, the liberty to practice an individual’s religion of choice is another factor that needs to be taken into account in relation to the banning of hijabs. Freedom of religion is ensured in Article 18 of the UDHR as it states that every individual has the right to â€Å"manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. † Supporters of the ban insist that the ban is implemented in order to free Muslim women from being forced to wear the hijab. However, For many Muslim women, wearing the hijab is a way of teaching their religion by means of putting into practice the religious ideals of chastity, modestly, and obedience as outlined in the Muslim faith. Furthermore, Muslim women voice how the hijab gives them a feeling of closeness to the Prophet Muhammad. This nearness to the Prophet was explained by a 32-year-old Algerian woman named Alba: â€Å"When I hijab I feel good. I feel [pause] near Prophet. I know I can remove hijab, but [pause] when I wear I show other people that I with him. I teach daughter to do same thing [pause] to show love for Prophet and hijab†(Croucher, 2008). It is evident that the banning of the hijab infringes on the right for Muslim women to partake in all aspects of Islam. DISUSSION Conflicting opinions arise when examining weather or not the banning of hijabs in public, primary, and secondary schools is a violation of human rights. It becomes evident, however, that the rights of Muslim women have been violated when investigating the basic human right to a freedom of expression, education, and religious practice. As Muslim women view the hijab to be an expression of their chastity, modesty, and personal identity it becomes evident that the ban restricts Muslim women from illustrating their inner selves. On an educational perspective, the ban forces Muslim girls to choose between religious obedience and education, rather then harmonizing the two to establish a powerful environment for fundamental child development. Finally, it becomes apparent that the ban restricts Muslim girls from practicing some of the essential principles of Islam. The hypothesis has been validated; the banning of hijabs in French schools violates every humans right to express themselves, to receive education during the development stages of life, and to practice an individual’s religion to its fullest extent. The primary focus of this study was to exemplify the injustice of the banning of hijabs in France. In doing so, it further displayed the importance of the hijab in Muslim culture. REFERENCES 1) justlanded. com/english/France/France-Guide/Education/Private-schools-in-France

What Is NATO A Short Introduction

What Is NATO A Short Introduction SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re thinking about taking the AP U.S. History or AP World History exams, it’s important that you have a good understanding of the major events and organizations that have shaped the nation- and the world. One critical topic that you should know about is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO. If you’ve watched the news (or listened in history class!), you’ve probably heard the term NATO mentioned quite a bit. But what is NATO, exactly? And why is NATO important? In this short but sweet guide, we’ll give you all the need-to-know information about NATO, like NATO’s definition, an overview of NATO history, and a look into how NATO works today. We’ll also give you a short list of additional resources that you can check out for evenmoreinformation. So let’s get started! What Is NATO: Definition and Overview So what is NATO, exactly? The general purpose of NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, starts with NATO’s definition: NATO a multi-national political and military alliance dedicated to the collective security and defense of its member nations. NATO operates on the belief that a strong international alliance is critical to maintaining peace. Beyond helping member nations with issues of security and stability, NATO also provides support to the United Nations help with international peacekeeping operations, including missions that combat terrorism, protect civilians, and promote world peace. Originally founded on April 4th, 1949 when its 12 founding members signed the North Atlantic Treaty, NATO is now comprised of 29 members from around the world and has political partnerships with 21 other nations. Together, all of the NATO countries work together to â€Å"guarantee the freedom and security† of its member nations through a combination of international diplomacy, conflict prevention, and- if necessary- military intervention. This picture was taken outside of NATO's second headquarters in Paris, France in the 1950s A Glimpse Into NATO History: NATO’s Formation To fully answer the question â€Å"What is NATO?†, it’s important to understand the historical and political context behind NATO’s formation. The End of World War II and the Rise of the American Superpower World War II was perhaps the most defining moment of the 20th century. The Second World War pitted the world’s greatest powers against one another through two opposing military alliances: the Axis and the Allies. The United States- along with France, Poland, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and 21 other nations- banded together to fight against the Axis powers and Hitler’s plan to create a new world order. The war, which started on September 1, 1939, would rage for six long and bloody years before its conclusion on September 2, 1945. Historians estimate that the war resulted in 85 million casualties, including the 6 million Jews who were killed during the Holocaust. The end of World War II caused the global political winds to shift overnight. Most of Europe, which was already struggling after World War I, ended World War II economically devastated. Not only was the population decimated, 70 percent of Europe’s industrial infrastructure had been destroyed during the conflict. This caused Europe’s economy- including the economies of the world’s biggest political empires- to collapse. As a result, the United States suddenly found itself positioned as one of the world’s leading economic and political superpowers for three major reasons. First, the country’s late entry into the theater limited World War II’s economic toll. In fact, quite the opposite happened. Because the United States supplied the Allied forces with food, weapons, and military equipment, World War II created a booming wartime economy for the States. The Second World War was such a boon to the American economy that it actually ended the Great Depression! Second, the United States saw almost no action on its own soil (with the exception of the Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941). That meant that America didn’t have to undertake the massive, and expensive, rebuilding effort of its Western European allies. Third, and perhaps most importantly, the United States bankrolled the reconstruction of Europe...for a profit, of course. American Corporations involved in the war effort saw ballooning profits because of the reconstruction efforts, which were bolstered by The 1946 Marshall Plan, which pledged an additional $13 billion dollars to Europe in aid. So while the United States was committed to helping their fellow Allied powers rebuild, it wasn’t afraid to build its own economy at the same time. The Soviet Union, the Cold War, and Communism But the United States wasn’t the only emerging world power after the Second World War. Despite fighting alongside one another during World War II, the alliance between the Soviet Union (or USSR) and the United States started to deteriorate during the post-war reconstruction period. As World War II began winding down, the communist Soviet Union- led by Joseph Stalin- began its own imperialist expansion. The Soviet Union had managed the eastern front of the World War II battle theater, and as the Red Army beat back Germany, set up its own occupation of formerly German-occupied states like Poland and Czechoslovakia. And rather than relinquish these nations at the close of the war, the Soviet Union maintained control and installed pro-communist regimes. The Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, along with the USSR’s blockade of West Berlin in an attempt to gain political control of post-war Germany, convinced the United States that the Soviet Union had become a threat to democracy on par with the now-defeated Nazi Germany. Thus, the U.S. government adopted a policy of containment in order to halt the spread of communism into Western Europe. Additionally, the U.S. revealed the Truman Doctrine in 1947, which was a foreign policy that promised American aid to any democratic country that was threatened by outside totalitarian regimes. While the United States and its allies started to view the Soviet Union as an emerging communist threat, the Soviets had also soured on their alliance with the West. The USSR had suffered catastrophic casualties during World War II. The country had lost 11 million soldiers and suffered between 7 million and 20 million civilian casualties. The Soviet economy was also struggling. Beyond spending $125 billion on wartime efforts, the USSR’s economy had simultaneously shrunk by 20 percent between 1941 and 1945. The USSR had sacrificed both manpower and resources to defeat Nazi Germany, and it was sorely in need of financial assistance during post-war reconstruction. The United States was willing to offer the Soviets financial aid under The Marshall Plan, but the USSR wasn’t happy with the stipulations. First, the plan offered aid to Germany, which Russia disagreed with. The USSR, which now occupied Eastern Germany, wanted total control over whatever funds Germany received as part of The Marshall Plan. Second, The Marshall Plan required countries that accepted aid to adopt elements of democratic governance, including instituting principles of a free market economy. Stalin suspected- and rightly so- that The Marshall Plan was designed to weaken the USSR’s hold on the newly-acquired Eastern Bloc countries and, in turn, stymie communist expansion. As a consequence, Stalin required the Eastern Bloc nations, which were devastated by the war, to reject The Marshall Plan and instead instituted The Molotov Plan, which pledged to rebuild Eastern Europe. This tension led to both sides drawing a line in the sand. The Soviets and the United States positioned themselves on opposite sides of an ideological battle between communism and democracy, which marked the beginning of The Cold War. This is the NATO Authentication certificate that allsignatoriesreceivedafter signing the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949.Archive/U.S. Diplomacy Center Signing the North Atlantic Treaty The writing was on the wall: the Allied powers had defeated one totalitarian enemy only to suspect that another in the form of Soviet Russia was waiting on their doorstep. The United States feared the outbreak of another major war as tensions with the USSR escalated, and President Harry S. Truman believed that a strong political alliance was critical in containing the Soviet threat. As a result, Truman called for the formation of a defensive alliance of countries bordering the North Atlantic. The foundational idea behind this alliance was to serve as a deterrent against the USSR’s expansion into Western Europe. To do this, the signing nations agreed to a system of mutual defense. If one country was attacked by an outside power (like the USSR), it would be perceived as an attack against all of the alliance’s member nations. That would allow the United States to step in and help its democratic allies beat back a Soviet incursion, which in turn would prevent the encroachment of communism into Western Europe. This alliance was formalized with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington D.C. on April 4, 1949. These 12 originating countries, all of which were part of the Allied forces during World War II, created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO. Master Sgt. Scott Wagers/Defense Department NATO’s Requirements for Membership In 1949, NATO limited its membership to 12 allied nations that shared a border with the Atlantic Ocean. But as the world became more connected politically and economically, NATO recognized the need to expand its membership. As of today, NATO membership is now open â€Å"any other European state in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area.† As a result, NATO membership as more than doubled since the alliance’s inception and now includes 29 member nations. (You can find a complete list of member countries a little later in this article!) NATO has expanded over the past 70 years, but membership criteria remains strict. Admission into NATO is outlined in Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty. Here’s what it says: The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this Treaty. Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States of America will inform each of the Parties of the deposit of each such instrument of accession. Article 10 puts three stipulations on aspiring member states. First, new members must agree to all the elements of the North Atlantic Treaty, including its commitment to democracy and collective defense. Second, only European states can become members. And third, in order to join an aspiring nation must meet all the criteria set forth by current member states, which is summarized in a Membership Action Plan (MAP). NATO’s Membership Action Plan The MAP is the backbone of NATO’s admissions process and while it’s customized to fit each potential country, the MAP also requires each applying nation to report on its progress in each of five areas each year (until admission is granted or denied). These five areas are: Democracy: Willingness to settle international, ethnic or external territorial disputes by peaceful means, commitment to the rule of law and human rights, and democratic control of armed forces Finances: Ability to contribute to the organization's defense and missions Cooperation: Devotion of sufficient resources to armed forces to be able to meet the commitments of membership Security: Security of sensitive information, and safeguards ensuring it Compatibility: Compatibility of domestic legislation with NATO cooperation In addition to these general areas, each member nation is allowed to present additional criteria member nations must meet to gain admission. That means that each MAP is tailor-fit to each applying country; no two membership plans are alike! When a country receives a MAP, NATO provides feedback and advice to petitioning countries and evaluates their progress after their annual presentation. Once a country has met all the admissions criteria outlined in its MAP, NATO gives it an invitation to begin accession talks. NATO is selective about countries it gives a MAP to; in fact, countries must be nominated for admission into NATO by a current member nation before a MAP is ever considered! As of 2019, two countries- Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia- have a Membership Action Plan in place. Beyond being selective, NATO’s admissions process is a long one. How long, exactly? The three countries most recently admitted into NATO (Albania, Croatia, and Montenegro) took seven to eight years to complete their Membership Action Plans! Colin Watts/Unsplash Funding NATO Since NATO is a collective, each member nation is expected to contribute to the alliance financially. There are two ways member nations do this: through indirect and direct contributions. Indirect Contributions These are the largest pool of contributions and come when member countries volunteer resources to help NATO enact a policy or support a mission. For example, an indirect contribution would be a country contributing troops, equipment, or supplies to support one of NATO’s crisis management missions. Additionally, the country- not NATO- bears the cost for this donation. (In other words, countries donate these things at their own expense!) Direct Contributions Unlike indirect contributions, direct contributions are made financially. In other words, these are liquid funds that are used to support projects that benefit all member nations collectively. Each member nation is required to meet some form of its funding requirements through direct contributions. This is because there are some missions, like diplomatic or aid endeavors, that are best handled through immediate spending. How Much Do Countries Donate? So, how much is each country expected to pay into the collective NATO pool? Well, that depends. NATO uses a cost-sharing formula that accounts for each nation’s Gross Domestic Product, or GDP. This is calculated by percentage. In 2014, in an effort to increase NATO’s defense efforts, the NAC agreed to require each country to donate two percent of their GDP to NATO’s operating budget through indirect and direct contributions. This helps keep things fair. If NATO set a specific dollar amount that each country had to meet, smaller countries might struggle to meet their financial obligations. This way, each country can contribute based on how their economy is performing, which helps keep the financial burden of NATO membership equal. European NATO member nations are in navy blue Current NATO Member Nations NATO was originally founded by twelve nations that shared borders with the Atlantic Ocean, NATO membership has grown to include 29 nations from all around the world. Here’s a list of every nation currently in NATO along with their entrance date. (We’ve bolded the names of the founding 12 nations for easy reference, too.) Albania (2009) Greece (1952) Poland (1999) Belgium (1949) Hungary (1999) Portugal (1949) Bulgaria (2004) Iceland (1949) Romania (2004) Canada (1949) Italy (1949) Slovakia (2004) Croatia (1949) Latvia (2004) Slovenia (2004) Czech Republic (1999) Lithuania (2004) Spain (1982) Denmark (1949) Luxembourg (1949) Turkey (1952) Estonia (2004) Montenegro (2017) The United Kingdom (1949) France (1949) Netherlands (1949) The United States (1949) Germany (1955) Norway (1949) NATO's official flag NATO’s Purpose Today Although NATO was formed as a deterrent for the USSR’s expansion and the spread of communism, NATO didn’t disband when the USSR collapsed in 1991. Instead, NATO continues to fulfill the NATO definition of defending its members and supporting democracy to this day. In a 2010 Strategic Concept agreement, NATO states its three core tasks as collective defense, crisis management, and cooperative security. These three goals form the backbone of NATO and steer its decisions. In the next section, we’ll take a look at each of these three pillars more closely. Collective Defense First and foremost, NATO serves as a defensive alliance founded on upholding democratic values and principles. Its primary purpose is creating a network of collective defense, which means that member nations work together to ensure that all countries in the alliance are secure from outside threats. NATO does this by sharing knowledge, financial, and personnel resources with member nations. This includes sharing intelligence, but it also involves more practical tactics like bringing countries’ military technology up to date. While NATO’s first goal is to resolve international conflicts diplomatically, the alliance is also set up to use military force to defend allied nations when necessary. This aspect of collective defense (also known as NATO’s Article 5) and was the major reason NATO was founded in 1949. This principle states that if one nation is attacked by an outside force, the alliance will view it as an attack on every member nation. In other words, attacking one member of NATO means that all the countries in the alliance will respond. This allows bigger, more powerful countries in the alliance to protect its smaller NATO allies. In turn, smaller nations give NATO better tactical positioning in relationship to potentially adversarial global powers (like Russia and China). By essentially surrounding potential adversaries with allied nations, NATO disincentivises territorial expansion. Crisis Management Because NATO is committed to maintaining global peace by promoting security, the organization is also committed to responding to global crises before, during, and after they arise. This includes a mix of military and non-military tactics which are tailored to each crisis, which in turn dictates the scope and scale of NATO’s response. NATO is also positioned to help other political allies, like the United Nations, in their responses to global crises. Most recently, NATO implemented the UN’s resolution to protect civilians in Libya during its civil war. Finally, because crisis management supports NATO’s commitment to security, NATO helps its member nations and political allies train in crisis management techniques. This ensures that NATO can respond quickly with an international effort whenever an international crisis arises. Cooperative Security NATO’s last, and newest, core task is cooperative security. Introduced in 2010, this task focuses on creating an extended network of cooperation between member and non-member countries to tackle global problems quickly and efficiently. To do this, NATO focuses on strengthening its relationships with partner nations. These are countries who aren’t part of NATO but work with NATO to tackle security problems in their region and across the world. As of 2019, NATO works with 40 other nations in some capacity. The goal of these partnerships is to share information, knowledge, and other resources in order to create more stability and security across the globe. Additionally, NATO makes sure that all of its member nations have fairly equal military and technological capabilities. This also includes training: all member nations have access to NATO trainers to make sure countries have the knowledge and skills they need to respond to security threats. By making sure all member nations are capable partners, NATO as a whole becomes stronger. A meeting of the North Atlantic Council in 2010Wikimedia NATO’s Command Structure NATO nations are committed to working together as part of the alliance and work together on a daily basis. In terms of the alliance’s operational structure, NATO is split into two major categories: the NATO diplomatic delegations and the military representatives. Let’s take a closer look at both to see how NATO nations work together to make decisions and work together toward their common goals. NATO Diplomatic Delegations and the North Atlantic Council The diplomatic delegations represent the political arm of NATO. Each NATO member nation sends a delegation to represent their country to NATO’s headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. These representatives attend around 6,000 meetings a year! The most important element of NATO’s political arm is the North Atlantic Council, or the NAC. This council oversees the political and military processes that affect the alliance. To this end, the NAC serves as the political decision-making body of NATO. In other words, any NATO decision- whether that’s an initiative, resolution, or military action- is voted on by the NAC. To keep representation equal, each member nation has one seat on the NAC, which meets once a week. And just like collective defense, the NAC operates through collective decision making. Unlike the U.S. legislature, where decisions are approved by majority vote, the NAC only implements policies that are â€Å"agreed upon on the basis of unanimity and common accord.† In other words, the NAC makes decisions through consensus, and those decisions represent the will of every member country on the council. The diplomatic branch of NATO has one other notable subcommittee called the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG). Like the NAC, every NATO member nation (with the exception of France, which decided not to participate) has representation within the committee whether they have nuclear capabilities or not. The group’s goal is to monitor nuclear forces around the globe while shaping NATO’s own nuclear policies in regards to arms control and nuclear proliferation. Thus, the NPG deals specifically with nuclear issues and reports to the NAC, who makes the final decision on anything the Nuclear Planning Group puts forward. The NATO Military Committee delivers remarks to the press Dominique A. Piniero/U.S. Department of Defense Military Representatives and the Military Committee Because NATO is a defense alliance, NATO has a military branch of operation, too. This branch is comprised of three operational groups: the Military Committee (MC), Allied Command Operations (ACO), and Allied Command Transformation (ACT). Let’s take a look at all three groups and their unique responsibilities. The Military Committee This committee advises the NAC on military policy and strategy and is charged with enacting all of NAC’s military-based decisions. Its main job is to oversee NATO’s military operations and translate the NAC’s decisions into military direction. Similar to the NAC, each nation has one representative that sits on the Military Committee. These seats are held by each member state’s Chief of Defense (or their proxy) and meet at least once a week to discuss ongoing operations and ongoing security concerns. Additionally, the Military Committee oversees the other two groups of the military branch: Allied Command Operations and Allied Command Transformation. Allied Command Operations NATO’s ACO is headquartered in Mons, Belgium at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), and it’s run by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). The ACO is responsible for the planning and execution of all Alliance operations and reports to the Military Committee. So once the NAC decides to use military force for crisis management, the control of the operation is turned over to the ACO, which runs the operation from beginning to end. To do this, ACO has three overlapping operational levels: strategic, operational, and tactical. This allows ACO to run complete military operations, including the command of both NATO and joint military forces (which are military forces â€Å"donated† to NATO by member nations for use in NATO-sanctioned operations). But as the world changes, so has the ACO’s role in NATO. The newest responsibility of ACO was assigned by the North Atlantic Council in 2018. After their meeting in Brussels, the NAC decided to establish a Cyberspace Operations Centre dedicated to defending member nations against cyber attacks from outside forces, too. Allied Command Transformation NATO’s ACT is the second branch of military command in NATO and was formed in 2003 to help NATO address future threats. It is located in Norfolk, Virginia and is run by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation, or SACT. Like the ACO, the SACT reports to the Military Committee and is responsible for making sure that ACT and NATO are preparing for modern and future threats to the security of its member nations. Put another way, the goal of ACT is to plan for the future. Its job is to lay the groundwork for NATO’s military forces to adapt quickly to changing threats and prepare for security issues looming on the horizon. This includes reporting to the Military Committee and advising them on current tactics and future problems. Additionally,ACT is charged with bringing all member nations up to speed in terms of their military capabilities. Not only do they provide training to member nations’ military forces, they serve as a sort of lobby group to persuade member nations’ governments to invest in security and military preparedness, too. A Spanish F-18 takes off on aNATO bombing run during the Bosnian War Dixie Trawick/U.S. National Archives Key Moments in NATO History Ever since its founding in 1949, NATO has been a key actor in global political, military, and peacekeeping efforts. Here are some of the most pivotal moments in NATO’s seventy-year history. 1991: Collapse of the USSR In 1991, the USSR officially disbanded, granting each of its formerly-sovereign nations back their independence. This brought NATO’s original operating mission (and The Cold War) to an end; after all, NATO was originally created to stop the USSR and the spread of communism. Instead of disbanding, NATO nations decided to continue NATO’s mission of promoting peace, freedom, and collective security. 1995: The Bosnian War The Bosnian War began in 1992 with the breakup of Yugoslavia. As the situation deteriorated, the United Nations called for a no-fly zone to be set up over Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATO stepped in to manage the operation on behalf of the UN and took its first military action when NATO shot down four Bosnian Serb aircraft that were violating the no-fly zone. 1999: Kosovo Intervention The Kosovo War began in 1998, and soon after the fighting began, reports began to trickle in about the displacement of more than 250,000 Albanians. The United Nations responded with a resolution calling for a ceasefire. When the resolution failed to stop the conflict, NATO issued an â€Å"activation warning,† which meant NATO was prepared to use military force to mitigate the conflict. When peace talks deteriorated, NATO launched an air campaign that included bombing of key targets. NATO also played a key role in negotiating the end of the war and helping restore stability by stationing 30,000 troops in Kosovo. 2001: September 11th, 2001 The terrorist attacks that brought down the Twin Towers in New York were the first foreign attack on U.S. soil since the bombing of Pearl Harbor during World War II. The attacks led NATO to invoke Article 5- which states that an attack on one ally is an attack on all- within 24 hours. In doing so, â€Å"NATO members showed their solidarity toward the United States and condemned, in the strongest possible way, the terrorist attacks against the United States.† 2003: War in Afghanistan As a result of Article 5, NATO nations rallied to support the United States’ conflict in Afghanistan. NATO agreed to eight official actions/missions, which included the deployment of troops, military support, and supplies to the region. In 2003, NATO also agrees to take command of the ISAF, or International Security Assistance Force, in Afghanistan, which marks the first NATO crisis management mission outside of the North Atlantic region. 2011: Libya Intervention The Libyan Civil War begins when Libyan protests against their totalitarian government bubble over into a full-blown revolution. The United Nations called for a ceasefire and authorized military measures to protect Libyan civilians. NATO began enforcing the UN’s resolution in March 2011, which included creating a no-fly zone over the country and 9,500 air strikes. After the rebel’s victory, NATO agreed to provide training for the new Libyan government and consult on security issues. Mahendra Kumar/Unsplash Resources for Further Reading Want to learn even more about the Cold War and NATO history? We’ve found four super helpful resources just for you! NATO’s Official Website NATO’s official website offers a thorough overview of NATO’s history along with its current policies, operations, and strategic missions. This is a great place to start if you want up-to-the-minute news about NATO’s current actions and international positions. (Don’t forget to check out NATO’s official Facebook, Youtube, and Twitter accounts, too.) It also has a fantastic chart that explains NATO’s operating structure! The U.S. State Department’s NATO Overview The U.S State Department’s overview of America’s involvement with NATO offers a more U.S. centered view on NATO’s formation, including the signing of the North American Treaty. For a short NATO history overview with a more American focus, this is a good place to start! Defense of the West by Stanley Sloan If you’re wanting a more comprehensive, in-depth look at the history of NATO from its formation to modern day, Stanley Sloan’s book should be your first stop. Sloan, a Senior Fellow in the Scowcroft Center at the Atlantic Council of the United States, dives into NATO’s definition, founding principles, and continued role on the world stage. He also discusses NATO’s future, especially as its member nations face new and complicated challenges to their security. Understanding NATO in the 21st Century edited by Graeme P. Herd and John Kriendler If you really want to dig deeper into NATO’s role in the 21st century, look no further than Graeme P. Herd and John Kriendler’s book. This book compilesessays from many different academics and historians to give readers a better, more thorough sense of NATO’s current role in global politics and the current challenges facing the organization. This is definitely an academic book, but the essays offer interesting new insights into NATO’s evolving role on the global stage. What’s Next? NATO is just one pivotal part of modern history...and it’s just one topic you might find on an AP History exam. To get a better understanding of U.S. history, check out some of these books on our AP History Exam reading list. Of course, one of the best ways to learn more about U.S. history is to make sure you’re taking history classes. Most high schools offer a variety of history classes, so make sure you’re taking the right ones for you. AP exams aren’t the only specialized tests available for college-bound high school students hoping to earn some college credit. Did you know that the SAT offers subject exams, too? This article will teach you more about the SAT subject tests and help you decide whether you should take them.

European Union and Turkey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

European Union and Turkey - Essay Example This literature review will aim at describing the various changes that both sides have made over the years in order to demonstrate the progress made by the other side and will also focus on the factors that have influenced the necessity of such decisions. The initial focus will be on understanding the aspects on which the European Union is set to gain by allowing Turkey to obtain membership. This is deemed important in view of the current as it would serve as the reason for many of the changes initiated by the European Union itself. The first question that arises to mind over this issue is as to what does the enlarged European Union stand to gain as a result of Turkey's admission The best possible answer that can be offered within a political perspective is that the inclusion of Turkey as a member would do away with the long standing image of the European Union as an exclusive Christian Club1. Moreover, the proposed inclusion would also help the union in projecting itself to the rest of the world as a model for tolerance where multi-cultural, multi-religious and multi-ethnic peoples contribute to the welfare of one another. Secondly, the Union also stands to gain from the vast military and security assets that Turkey possesses. Moreover, in spite of having deficiencies at the moment, the inclusion will provide a Turkish economy that has shown a lot of potential and promise. The presence of Oil reserves and a highly qualified workforce would assure the union of a strengthened European economy that is in a better position to take on the challenges faced by it2. The European Union, on the other hand, is very eager to accommodate Turkey into its group and for this, the latter is supposed to achieve credible standards on a number of fronts, for which efforts have been initiated by the Turkish Government since the past few years. The European Union insists that Turkey needs to initiate the necessary actions not for pleasing the Union, but for its own good. The need for reforms has arisen from the fact that Turkey has been having problems in areas such as Human rights, public administration, governance, internal security. Most importantly, Turkey has been in the process of improving its relations with other European Countries with whom it has had long standing territorial disputed. Additionally, changes have also been made to the regulation of the local economy so as to upgrade it to the minimum base standards as perceived by the European Union3. However, in spite of vast changes, there have been certain areas where the European Union has not been satisfied with Turkey's efforts, which has resulted in criticism of some of its efforts and policies. This has resulted in the Union taking some tough measures to ensure that the country takes the best possible action in the future. the specifics of all of these shall be discussed in the forthcoming paragraphs. CHALLENGES BEFORE THE EUROPEAN UNION The major challenges that the European Union faces with respect to Turkey's accession to the union are the fact that a majority of the people are poor, the primary religion is Islam and the country apart from being large, possesses vast and untapped

Reaction to Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reaction to Philosophy - Essay Example A rule is something which is instructed and just like any other rule, it has a tendency to be broken and rejected. This is contrary to a principle which is more inclined towards the norm or the belief of what should be done. According to Poland and Graham, â€Å"The mean between an excess of self-love and a deficiency of self-love is to count what is in our own true interest and is in the true interest of each and every person as equally important (263).† With the latter statement being a reference of what the golden rule implies, the principle is more of promoting lesser attention and love be given to the self and give more importance as to what would be the better implications that an action can give to the majority. Taking the principle on a more literal manner, one should also think of what will happen to others when a particular decision is made or when an action is done. Though others may say that the self does deserve to be pampered every once in a while, it is also imp ortant to take note of the majority who will be affected even with the slightest implication. When it comes to a point that a major decision is needed to be done, one should think of what will be the implications the decision will make for the majority rather than just for the self. The happiness of the self is also important yet how can one achieve the ultimate happiness when more people had been negatively affected or devastated by just one person’s seek for happiness. A statement of Poland and Graham worth pondering on is â€Å"Loving people as we love ourselves means taking them as we find them as opposed to how we might want them to be (264).† The latter describes as to how a parent would care for their children or how a husband will look after his wife. Unconditionally, one can give up everything just to ensure the security and well-being of their loved ones even if it means that their own happiness will either have to wait for another time or it may be modified for the moment. Yet the self would not be the main focus anymore since it would be the others or the majority who will benefit from the action or the decision. It can be hard to make or not easy to accept however when there will be more people thanking the self for what one has done, it will all be worth the dilemma and sacrifices. If there is a golden rule, there is a golden word to achieve the goal of the ultimate principle. This word is the adjective unconditional. One can accept another despite of the flaws or the baggage that is being carried. This is unconditional acceptance. A person can love his enemy and this is pertained to as unconditional love. There are so many actions that can be associated with the word unconditional. Life is too precious to be filled with anger, grief and sorrow. If a person can consider the self to be happy, can he share the happiness with other people who most of their lives have been experiencing grief? When a person is in love, is it necessary th at one is waiting for that emotion to be reciprocated? Can love be just given unconditionally without any expectation of getting anything in return? When a person has exhibited unconditional actions that resulted to happiness for the others, could one conclude that the person has achieved the ultimate happiness? Question #2 One person cannot exist with just the self alone. There will be times that one will need the assistance or the company of another person. This is more on the worldly manner. However, a

Communication and Leadership Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication and Leadership Paper - Essay Example For the purpose of this disposition, the arguments would use Barack Obama as an orator and a good communicator. It is to imply that the essay would peg the character of President Barack Obama and how they qualify him as a good communicator. To begin with, it was impressive for President Barack Obama to campaign and articulate issues to the general population from a position of political and historical disadvantage. Historically, the people of African-American descent did not have the benefit of being able to vote not to mention the ability or the chance to vie for the highest political office in the land. However, during the presidential campaigns, President Barack Obama did postulate a running caption and theme which was the basis of his campaigns (Nisbet, 2009). Thus, being able to present the â€Å"Yes We Can† slogan to the general public smacks of excellence in the prospects of good communication skills. Intuitively, the ability to make the general electorate to believe ion the common destiny of a public president and a revived economy implied that as a communicator the president had to articulate and convince the general public to move in the right direction. The second instance and reason which makes it apparent to the communication abilities of president Barack Obama was the style in presidential debates. It is conventional knowledge and wisdom that the then Democrat presidential candidate scored well in the debates over the two successive candidate in John McCain and Mitt Romney. Most of the observers noted that President Barack Obama during the debates did put in a lot of effort and income to win the hearts of the undecided voters in the elections. In all aspects and fairness, he did maintain a positive attitude and respectable smile to the audience of listeners and viewers all over the United States of America. His body

Managing Product-Harm Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Product-Harm Crisis - Essay Example What are substandard or defective products? These are products that are harmful and dangerous to consumers, therefore organizations recall such products. Recalled products are the contributors of product-harm crisis. According to Vassilikopoulou et al. (2009), product-harm crisis occurs as a result of having defective products that are harmful to consumers in the market. Though organizations seek for better and improved products, departments in charge of inspections in an organization may still miss to identify the defects of such products because of negligence. While the expectation is that running an organization comes with several ups and downs, having a product-harm crisis tops the list because of its detrimental effects of an organization. Organizations need to maintain their products’ based on the required safety levels. Consumers lose faith in a company if they find the product it offers is harmful. A harmful product is not only dangerous to consumers but also hurtful to the ecosystem. For example, milk spiked with melamine is not only harmful to human beings, but to animals such as cats and dogs. Therefore, organizations need to examine the factors that contribute to product-harm crisis because it affects it directly affects a company’s success. Yannopoulu et al. (2011) claimed that product-harm crises are crises because they directly control the media and the consumers. For example, the media spreads the news to the consumers in way that may influence them negatively. In addition, after watching the advertisements or news, consumers pay more attention to the name of the organization selling defective products or the defective product.

Gender Gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender Gap - Essay Example Some women are very interested in female equality, some are apathetic, and some stand firmly against it. This study further concluded that the more education the father has, the more likelihood there is that the daughter will be a feminist. Sexism is a process based on historical traditions and stereotypes. Sexism is the process of assigning life roles according to gender. The basic institutions of socialization are education and the family. Sexism begins in the family. The behaviors associated with sexism are so deeply ingrained into our minds that sexist behaviors are generally unconscious. Both men and women practice sexism in their daily behaviors by means of speech, dress, attitudes, and goals. â€Å"Unfortunately, the potential for harm is great, as gender bias in children’s literature historically has been widespread. Early studies of picture books from the 1970s and before have shown that under-representation of girls and women and gender-typed character roles are pre valent in a variety of samples of children’s books but under-representation was not as severe†. Sexism respects neither race nor color nor culture. It can be compared with racism in that it identifies a portion of the population and designates them "different" and, therefore, inferior. Sexism involves the combination of power and prejudice. Male dominance and female passiveness have remained in cultural, institutional, and individual practices even though technological advancements have negated strength and speed as required factors of dominance.... Still another significant factor determined by this study is that the higher the educational level in the home, the more likely girls are to believe in equal rights. The following paragraph is less than 1 page Sexism is a process based on historical traditions and stereotypes. Sexism is the process of assigning life roles according to gender (Berggren 2006, p. 132). The basic institutions of socialization are education and the family. Sexism begins in the family. The behaviors associated with sexism are so deeply ingrained into our minds that sexist behaviors are generally unconscious. Both men and women practice sexism in their daily behaviors by means of speech, dress, attitudes, and goals (Berggren 2006, p. 134). "Unfortunately, the potential for harm is great, as gender bias in children's literature historically has been widespread. Early studies of picture books from the 1970s and before have shown that under-representation of girls and women and gender-typed character roles are prevalent in a variety of samples of children's books but under-representation was not as severe" (Hamilton et al 2006, p. 759). Sexism respects neither race nor color nor culture. It can be compared with raci sm in that it identifies a portion of the population and designates them "different" and, therefore, inferior. Sexism, like racism, involves the combination of power and prejudice. Male dominance and female passiveness have remained in cultural, institutional, and individual practices even though technological advancements have negated strength and speed as required factors of dominance. Society, being codified by men, decrees that the female is inferior (Elgar 2004, p. 876). The problems of

Career research paper on nursing Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career on nursing - Research Paper Example 6). In addition, there are different types of nursing as well. Nursing is ‘infinitely varied’. Although all nurses receive the same amount of education, the work they handle may vary because their placement in hospitals is different. For example, a nurse on duty in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) has to know the use of sophisticated machinery. A nurse in charge of patients who are well on their way to recovery has to be skilled in the way he/she talks; the nurse has to be polite, friendly, and exuberant. Therefore, it emphasizes the fact that nursing is a very ‘people’s’ profession (Sacks, pp.5). Nursing is a profession that was started by Florence Nightingale in the mid-nineteenth century and it has undergone radical changes (Sacks, pp.6). There has been a debate over the fact whether nursing is a ‘full profession’ or a semi professional one. Researchers (Timby, pp. 23-25) state that nursing cannot be regarded fully as a profession, becaus e people in it do not possess full characteristics that are required to achieve a full profession status. However, students of the nursing field remain adamant of the fact that most of the required definition of a profession is met by nursing, therefore, qualifying it as a full profession (Hiscott, pp.4). However, nursing as a career provides many opportunities, especially part time. Women who have to manage families can actually become part of this profession.

Gender Gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender Gap - Essay Example Some women are very interested in female equality, some are apathetic, and some stand firmly against it. This study further concluded that the more education the father has, the more likelihood there is that the daughter will be a feminist. Sexism is a process based on historical traditions and stereotypes. Sexism is the process of assigning life roles according to gender. The basic institutions of socialization are education and the family. Sexism begins in the family. The behaviors associated with sexism are so deeply ingrained into our minds that sexist behaviors are generally unconscious. Both men and women practice sexism in their daily behaviors by means of speech, dress, attitudes, and goals. â€Å"Unfortunately, the potential for harm is great, as gender bias in children’s literature historically has been widespread. Early studies of picture books from the 1970s and before have shown that under-representation of girls and women and gender-typed character roles are pre valent in a variety of samples of children’s books but under-representation was not as severe†. Sexism respects neither race nor color nor culture. It can be compared with racism in that it identifies a portion of the population and designates them "different" and, therefore, inferior. Sexism involves the combination of power and prejudice. Male dominance and female passiveness have remained in cultural, institutional, and individual practices even though technological advancements have negated strength and speed as required factors of dominance.... Still another significant factor determined by this study is that the higher the educational level in the home, the more likely girls are to believe in equal rights. The following paragraph is less than 1 page Sexism is a process based on historical traditions and stereotypes. Sexism is the process of assigning life roles according to gender (Berggren 2006, p. 132). The basic institutions of socialization are education and the family. Sexism begins in the family. The behaviors associated with sexism are so deeply ingrained into our minds that sexist behaviors are generally unconscious. Both men and women practice sexism in their daily behaviors by means of speech, dress, attitudes, and goals (Berggren 2006, p. 134). "Unfortunately, the potential for harm is great, as gender bias in children's literature historically has been widespread. Early studies of picture books from the 1970s and before have shown that under-representation of girls and women and gender-typed character roles are prevalent in a variety of samples of children's books but under-representation was not as severe" (Hamilton et al 2006, p. 759). Sexism respects neither race nor color nor culture. It can be compared with raci sm in that it identifies a portion of the population and designates them "different" and, therefore, inferior. Sexism, like racism, involves the combination of power and prejudice. Male dominance and female passiveness have remained in cultural, institutional, and individual practices even though technological advancements have negated strength and speed as required factors of dominance. Society, being codified by men, decrees that the female is inferior (Elgar 2004, p. 876). The problems of

legal process Essay Example for Free

legal process Essay In law, the Golden rule, or British rule, is a form of statutory construction traditionally applied by English courts. The other two are the â€Å"plain meaning rule† (also known as the â€Å"literal rule†) and the â€Å"mischief rule.† The golden rule allows a judge to depart from a words normal meaning in order to avoid an absurd result1. The term â€Å"golden rule† seems to have originated in the 1854 case of Mattison v. Hart as per Chief Justice Jervis’ propounding and implies a degree of enthusiasm for this particular rule of construction over alternative rules that has not been shared by all subsequent judges. For example, Viscount Simon made a point of including this note in a 1940 decision: â€Å"The golden rule is that the words of a statute must prima facie be given their ordinary meaning2.† Like the plain meaning rule, the golden rule gives the words of a statute their plain, ordinary meaning. However, when this may lead to an irrational result that is unlikely to be the legislatures intention, the golden rule dictates that a judge can depart from this meaning. In the case of homographs, where a word can have more than one meaning, the judge can choose the preferred meaning; if the word only has one meaning, but applying this would lead to a bad decision, the judge can apply a completely different meaning. History and evolution of the Golden Rule This rule is founded on Justice Parke (later Lord Wensleydale)’s enunciation in Becke v Smith where he stated thus: â€Å"It is a very useful rule in the construction of a statute to adhere to the ordinary meaning of the words used, and to the grammatical construction, unless that is at variance with the intention of the legislature to be collected from the Nokes v. Doncaster Amalgamated Collieries3, or leads to any manifest absurdity or repugnance, in which case the language may be varied or modified so as to avoid such inconvenience but no further.† Twenty years later, Lord Wensleydale restated the rule in different words in Grey v Pearson75 thus: â€Å"In construing statutes, and all written instruments, the grammatical and ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to, unless  that would lead to some absurdity or inconsistency with the rest of the instrument, in which case the grammatical and ordinary sense of the words may be modified, so as to avoid that absurdity or inconsistency, but not farther.† With time, the rule continues to become more refined and therefore to be a more precise and effective tool for the courts. More than a century after Grey v. Pearson, a court added this caveat: â€Å"Nowadays we should add to natural and ordinary meaning the words in their context and according to the appropriate linguistic register.† In summary, this rule may be used in two ways. It is applied most frequently in a narrow sense where there is some ambiguity or absurdity in the words themselves. For Lord Simon of Glaisdale, reasons for judgment in Stock v. Frank Jones (Tipton) Ltd4 at 235 examples, imagine there may be a sign saying â€Å"Do not use lifts in case of fire.† Under the literal interpretation of this sign, people must never use the lifts, in case there is a fire. However, this would be an absurd result, as the intention of the person who made the sign is obviously to prevent people from using the lifts only if there is currently a fire nearby. The second use of the golden rule is in a wider sense, to avoid a result that is obnoxious to principles of public policy, even where words have only one meaning. The rule was applied in this second sense in Sigsworth, Re, Bedford v Bedford where the court applied the rule to section 46 of the Administration of Estates Act 1925. This statute required that the court should â€Å"issue† someones inheritance in certain circumstances5. The court held that no one should profit from a crime, and so used the golden rule to prevent an undesirable result, even though there was only one meaning of the word â€Å"issue.† A son murdered his mother and then committed suicide. The courts were required to rule on whom then inherited the estate: the mothers family, or the sons descendants. There was never a question of the son profiting from his crime, but as the outcome would have been binding on lower courts in the future, the court found in favour of the mothers family6. The Golden Rule The rule was defined by Lord Wensleydale in the Grey v Pearson case (1857) as: â€Å"The grammatical and ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to unless that would lead to some absurdity or some repugnance or inconsistency with the rest of the instrument in which case the grammatical and ordinary  sense of the words may be modified so as to avoid the absurdity and inconsistency, but no farther.† So, The Golden Rule is a modification of The Literal Rule to be used to avoid an absurd outcome. The Golden Rule was used in the R v Allen case (1872). In this the defendant was charged with bigamy (s.57 of offences against the person act 1861) which, under statutes states: whosoever being married shall marry any other person during the lifetime of the former husband or wife is guilty of an offence. Under The Literal Rule, bigamy would be impossible because civil courts do not recognize second marriages, so The Golden Rule was applied to determine that the word ‘marry’ should be seen as ‘to go through ceremony’ and the conviction was upheld. The Golden Rule was applied in the Adler v George case (1964). Under section 3 of the official secrets act (1920) it was an offence to obstruct HM Forces in the vicinity of a prohibited area. Adler was arrested for obstructing forces whilst in a prohibited area. Under The Literal Rule, Adler was not in the VICINITY of the area – he was IN the area – and so was not infringing the terms of the act. The Golden Rule was applied to extend the meaning of ‘vicinity’ and avoid the possible absurd outcome. The main advantage of The Golden Rule is that drafting errors in statutes can be corrected immediately. This is seen in the R v Allen (1872) case where the loopholes were closed, the decision was in line with parliament’s intentions and it gave a more just outcome. A major disadvantage of The Golden Rule is that judges can technically change the law by changing the meaning of words in statutes. They can, potentially infringing the separation of powers between legal and legislature. The Golden Rule won’t help if there is no absurdity in the statute. For example the London and North Eastern Railway v Berriman (1946) case, where the widow couldn’t get compensation because the wording of the statute didn’t allow for this circumstance. The ‘Golden Rule’ as introduced by Lord Wensleydale in Grey v Pearson but perhaps better expressed by Lord Blackburn in River Wear Commissioners v Adamson We are to take the whole statute and construe it all together, giving the words their ordinary signification, unless when so applied they produce an inconsistency, or an absurdity or inconvenience so great as to convince the Court that the intention could not have been to use them in their ordinary signification†¦. In R v Allen and the Offence Against the Persons Act (1872), a case of bigamy, it was held that bigamy meant to take part in the  ceremony of marriage a whilst still married to another person, the statute could be applied successfully thanks to the application of the ‘Golden Rule’. Another example would be that found in Re: Sigsworth and the Administration of Estates Act 1925. The golden rule only rescues the court in tiny number of instances. The point was made by John Willis in a famous article where he asked â€Å"What is absurdity?† Absurdity is as vague as plain meaning. It is a matter of personal opinion, more susceptible to the influence of personal prejudice. Golden rule is just a device to achieve desired result and to escape from sum of the more updatable effect of literal rule (Nothman v. Barnet London Borough Council). The Law Commission criticised that there is no clear means to test the existence of the characteristics of absurdity, inconsistency, or to measure their quality or extent. This became known as Lord Wensleydales golden rule. It only applies where the words are ambiguous. An interpretation that is not absurd is to be preferred to one that is. An example is: R v Allen7 The Law Commission (1969) noted that: * The rule provided no clear means to test the existence of the characteristics of absurdity, inconsistency or inconvenience, or to measure their quality or extent. * As it seemed that absurdity was in practice judged by reference to whether a particular interpretation was irreconcilable with the general policy of the legislature the golden rule turns out to be a less explicit form of the mischief rule. Table of cases Grey v Pearson Mattison v. Hart Nokes v. Doncaster Amalgamated Collieries Stock v. Frank Jones (Tipton) Ltd R v Allen case (1872). London and North Eastern Railway v Berriman (1946) Nothman v. Barnet London Borough Council Bibliography Learning the Law Glanville Williams 12th Ed. (A.T.H Smith) ISBN 0421744200 Osborn’s Concise Law Dictionary 9th Ed. (S. Bone) ISBN 042175340 An introduction to the British Constitution I.M.M. MacPhail SBN: 7131 12662 The English Legal System 6th Ed. Slapper Kelly ISBN 1 85941 7558 Cases and Commentary On Tort 4th Ed. Harvey Marston ISBN 0273 638432 Torts 8th Edition Micheal A Jones ISBN 0199255334 Law of Tort John Cooke 6th Ed. ISBN 0582 473489 English Legal System 2003 –2004 Q A Slapper Kelly ISBN 185941 754x http://wolf-nt.wlv.ac.uk/ http://www.uk.westlaw.com

Quantification of Venlafaxine in Tablet Dosage Form

Quantification of Venlafaxine in Tablet Dosage Form New chiral normal phase UFLC method for determination of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations ABSTRACT Aim: A simple, specific, precise, sensitive and rapid normal phase-UFLC method was developed for determination of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulation. Methodology: The method was developed on a Lux amylase 2 column (150 x 4.0 mm I.D., particle size 5 ÃŽ ¼); the mobile phase was n-hexane and ethanol (97:3 v/v); in 0.1%diethyamine using UV detector was fixed at 254 nm with a flow rate was 1 mL/min. Results: The retention time (tR) of R- venlafaxine hydrochloride and S- venlafaxine hydrochloride were found to be 4.5 ±0.2 min and 5.3 ±0.3 min, respectively. The linearity over the concentration range of 5-30  µg mL-1 for venlafaxine. The intra-day and inter-day coefficient of variation of the assay method were found to be 0.293 to 1.760 and 0.319 to 0.210 respectively, with high accuracy and precision results. The proposed NP-UFLC method is suitable for analysis of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Conclusion: The validated NP-UFLC method was developed for the quantification of venlafaxine in tablet dosage form. Keywords: R-venlafaxine hydrochloride, S-venlafaxine hydrochloride, enantiomers, NP-UFLC, Validation INTRODUCTION Venlafaxine is a second-generation antidepressant drug marketed as a racemic mixture (Figure 1). The R-enantiomer exhibits dual presynaptic inhibition of serotonin and noradrenaline uptake, whereas the S-enantiomer is a serotonine reuptake inhibitor. Thus, the drug is the first and most commonly used serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Its synthesis and that of several analogues were described many years ago. The synthetic routes are similar and vary according to the nature of the aromatic substituents. However, the final products are racemic mixtures, and they were crystallized as hydrochlorides.[1] Although the disposition of venlafaxine in humans was originally found not to be stereoselective.[2] In view of the near expiration date (June 2008) of the first patent for the racemic compound and of these recent clinical findings, venlafaxine appears to be a good candidate for a chiral switch.[3-4] Figure 1: Molecular structure of Venlafaxine The trend toward single enantiomer drugs is clear and the number of racemic drugs that reach the market as new chemical entities is decreasing.[5] The relevance of chirality in antidepressant drugs was highlighted several years ago and many examples are illustrated in a recent very complete review.[6-7] In the previously cited research on the resolution of venlafaxine, the enantiomers were separated by either of two general approaches. The first is the classical method of diastereoisomeric salt formation and fractional crystallization and the second approach uses analytical enantioselective electro driven methods. In the latter cases, either cyclodextrinsin capillary electrophoresis.[8] There is only one literature report where an HPLC baseline separation of the enantiomers of venlafaxine extracted was achieved using a CSP and normalphase mode.[9] From an analytical point of view, enantioselective chromatography offers the advantages of a method that can be developed on a semiprepara tive or preparative scale for the isolation of single enantiomers, which then become available for pharmaceutical testing strategies and requirements for enantioselective.[10] In the present research work, a simple, sensitive and accurate normal phase UFLC method to separate R and S-enantiomer of venlafaxine in bulk drugs and tablets using Lux amylase 2 column column has been reported for first time. The method was also validated to ensure the compliance in accordance with the ICH guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and Reagents: Venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers were a gift sample from R N FINE CHEMICALS BANGALURU, India. The solvents like n-hexane and ethanol diethylamine used was of HPLC grade (Merck, India). Commercially available racemic venlafaxine hydrochloride tablets claimed to contain 25mg of drug were procured from local market. Instrumentation: Quantitative NP-UFLC was performed on gradient high pressure liquid chromatography (Shimadzu) auto sampler consisting of a LC–20HT solvent module, SPD– 10A, and an PDA detector with LC software. The column used was LUX amylase 2 chiral column(150 x 4.0 mm ) particle size 5 ÃŽ ¼. UFLC conditions: The composition of the mobile phase was n-hexane and ethanol in the ratio of 97:03 v/v. They were filtered before use through a 0.2 mm membrane filter, degassed in a bath sonicator for 10 min. The mobile phase was pumped from the solvent reservoir to the column at a flow rate of 1mL/min, which yielded a column backpressure of 96 kg/cm2. The run time was set at 20 min and column temperature was ambient. The volume of injection loop was 20 mL. prior to injection of drug solutions, the column was equilibrated for at least 30 min with the mobile phase flowing through the system. The eluents were monitored at 254 nm and data was acquired, stored and analyzed with the LC 10 software. REAGENTS USED Mobile phase n-hexane and ethanol of HPLC grade was taken as mobile phase in the ratio of 97:3 % (v/v). Preparation of standard stock solution Standard stock solution (100  µg mL-1) of Venlafaxine hydrochloride was prepared by weighing exactly 10 mg of drug dissolved in isopropanol and diluted to 100 mL with same solvent. Preparation of calibration curve Aliquots of Venlafaxine hydrochloride ranging from 0.5-3 mL (each mL contains 100  µg mL-1) were pipetted into as a series of 10mL volumetric flasks. The volume was made up to the mark at with isopropanol. Aliquoets of 10 µL was injected (six time) into HPLC. The elution of the drug measured at 254.0 nm. The amount of venlafaxine hydrochloride present in the sample solution was computed from its calibration curve and it was constructed by plotting peak area of chromatogram against the concentration of Venlafaxine hydrochloride. The blank chromatogram and standard drug chromatogram were shown in figure 2 and 3 respectively. Linearity was 5.0-30  µg mL-1 for Venlafaxine hydrochloride was shown in figure 4. Figure 2: Blank chromatogram Figure 3: Standard Chromatogram of venlafaxine enantiomer Figure 4: Calibration curve of venlafaxine hydrochloride ANALYSIS OF TABLET DOSAGE FORM Five tablets (EFFEROX), each containing 25 mg of venlafaxine hydrochloride were weighed and finely powdered. Powder equivalent to 125 mg of venlafaxine hydrochloride was weighed and transferred to a standard volumetric flask. The contents were mixed thoroughly and filtered through a 0.45 ÃŽ ¼m membrane filter. 10 ÃŽ ¼L of the sample was injected in to UFLC system for the analysis. The peak profile and peak purity of both enantiomers are shown in Fig. 5, 6, 7 and 8. Figure 5: Peak Profile Enantiomer 1 Figure 6: Peak Profile Enantiomer 2 Figure 7: Peak Purity Enantiomer 1 Figure 8: Peak Purity Enantiomer 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Validation of the method The developed method for the assay of venlafaxine has been validated as per the current ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines.[11] Analytical parameters The development of NP-UFLC method for the determination of enantiomers has received a considerable attention in recent past because of its importance in the quality control of drugs and drug products. The assay of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers was resolved with good accuracy. The retention time (tR) of R- venlafaxine hydrochloride and S- venlafaxine hydrochloride were found to be 4.5 ±0.2 min and 5.3 ±0.3 min, respectively. A typical chromatogram of R-Venlafaxine hydrochloride and S- venlafaxine hydrochloride is shown in Figure 3. Tailing factor for both R-venlafaxine hydrochloride and S-venlafaxine hydrochloride was found to be 1.1 and 0.8 respectively. The calibration curve was constructed by plotting the peak areas against the concentration of R-and S-venlafaxine hydrochloride in 5-30  µg mL-1 were shown in the Figure 4. It was found to be linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.9971 for R-venlafaxine hydrochloride and 0.9992 for S-venlafaxine hydrochloride, the r epresentative linear regression equation being y = 10507X +2467.1 and y = 10654X +2065.8 for both the enantiomers respectively. The slope, y-intercept, and their standard deviations evaluated are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Regression and sensitivity parameters of enantiomer-1 and enantiomer-2 Accuracy and precision The amount of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in the matrix was calculated using following formula. % Recovery = T-A /SÃâ€"100 T–total amount of drug estimated, A-initial amount of drug in the tablet powder and S- amount of pure drug added. The results revealed (Table 2), high recovery of Venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers, indicating that the proposed method for the determination of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in the tablet is highly accurate. The intraday and inter day percentage relative standard deviation values were shown in Table 3. These values were within the standard limits. Table 2: Accuracy data of enantiomer-1 and enantiomer-2 Mean value of six determinations Table 3: Precision data of enantiomer-1 and enantiomer-2 Limit of detection and limit of quantification Limit of detection can be calculated using the following equation according to ICH guidelines: LOD = 3.3 x N/S LOQ = 10 x N/S where N is the standard deviation of peak areas of the drug and S is the slope of the corresponding calibration curve. The results are shown in Table 1. Assay of the drug The chiral NP-HPLC method developed in the present investigation was used to quantify venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in tablet dosage forms. The obtained results are given in Tables 4. The average drug content was found to be 10.047 mg for R-venlafaxine hydrochloride and 9.978 mg for S-venlafaxine hydrochloride of the labelled amount in 25mg of racemic venlafaxine hydrochloride, respectively. Table 4: Assay of Venlafaxine Robustness of the method and stability of the solution The robustness of an analytical procedure has been defined by the ICH as a â€Å"measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method parameters. The most important aspect of robustness is to develop methods that develop methods that allow for expected variations in method parameters. According to ICH guidelines, robustness should be considered early in the development stage of a method. The typical variations studied under this parameter are flow rate, wavelength and mobile phase composition. The results are tabulated in Table 5. Table 5: Robustness data of enantiomer-1 and enantiomer-2 CONCLUSION A simple, rapid and normal phase chiral UFLC method has been developed and validated for the enantiomeric separation of venlafaxine in tablet formulation. This method is precise, accurate, robust, and specific. Satisfactory results were obtained from the validation of the method. The short retention time (4.5 min for enantiomer 1 and 5.3 for enantiomer 2) obtained provides rapid determination of venlafaxine, which is significant for its routine analysis in quality control. The method exhibits an excellent performance in terms of sensitivity and robust. The experimental results of the present study showed that the proposed NP-UFLC method is simple, specific, precise, sensitive, rapid and accurate and is useful for separation of venlafaxine hydrochloride enantiomers in its pharmaceutical formulation. References Yardley JP, Husbands GE, Stack G, Butch J, Bicksler J, Moyer JA, Muth EA, Andree T, Fletcher H, James MNG, Sielecki AR 2-Phenyl- 2-(1-hydroxycycloalkyl)ethylamine derivatives: synthesis and antidepressant activity. J Med Chem 1990;33:2899–2905. Wang CP, Howell SR, Scatina J, Sisenwine SF, The disposition of venlafaxine enantiomers in dogs, rats and humans receiving venlafaxine. Chirality 1992;4:84–90. Ault A Big pharma is increasingly in getting a piece of the generic pie. The Scientist, 2005;19:36–38. Agranat I, Caner H, Caldwell J Putting chirality to work: the strategy of chiral switches. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002;1:753–768. Arina V, Reeves JT, Senanayake CH, Song JJ, Asymmetric synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Chem Rev 2006;106 : 2734–2793. Ruffolo RR Chirality in ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ²-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists. Tetrahedron 1991;47:9953–9980. Hutt AJ. Drug chirality and its pharmacological consequences. In Smith HJ, editor. Introduction to the principles of drug design and action, 4th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006. Pg no: 117–183. Fanali S, Cotichini V, Porra` R Analysis of venlafaxine by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Capillary Electrophor 1997;4:21–26. Caccamese S, Biance S, Carter GT, Direct high performance liquid chromatography separation and 11 analogues using amylose derivated stationary phase, Chirality 2009; 21: 569-577. Anderson S. Preparative chiral chromatography. A powerful and efficient tool in drug discovery. In: Subramanian G, editor. Chiral separation techniques, 3rd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2007. Pgno: 585–600. 1