Effectiveness of a Country’s Educational Provision Essay Example for Free

Effectiveness of a Countrys Educational purvey EssayIntroductionIn the last quarter of the twentieth century, an increasing consensus developed concerning the link between economic prosperity and effectiveness of a rurals educational provision. As globalization gathered pace dramatic altogethery in the 1980s and 199s, this link became more overt as the comparison and fight between nations inevitably increases. At the heart of the argument for the link, is the need for an educational workforce, without which a countrys economy will not keep pace.1In the World Conference on Education For All, which assembled Jomtien, Thailand, it was recognized that the current provision of education seriously deficient and that it must be made relevant, qualitatively mitigate and made universally available to enable every person, child, and adult to meet the basic learning needs. These needs comprise both essential earning tools much(prenominal) as __________________1 David Middle Wood and C arlo Cardno, Managing instructor Performance.and the learning content (such as knowledge, skills, values and attitudes) required by human beings to be able to survive, to develop to their in full capacities to live and work with dignity, to participate fully in development, to improve the quality of lives, to make informed decisions and to continue learning. 2Education is the vital key to discipline development. More of the essence(p) is the training and development of human resources of teachers who atomic number 18 the frontiers of our educative pursuit.Ameri discount may continue to lead the word of science and technology but its record of educating its citizens in those subjects is fairly dismal. An NSF panel has spent 128 months examining the state of intelligence, Mathematics,Engineering and engineering (SME) and at the undergraduate level and reviewing hundreds of comments from academic. The overwhelming consensus is that most of the SME courses acts as filters. They secrete out all but the promising students- those embarking on __________________ careers, leaving majority of the graduates with litters understanding of how science works. This worries the policy makers because many disgruntled students become teachers with little warmth for the subject perpetuating a cycle of scientific and technological.4Ana Marie Pamintuan, in her column entitled Sketches, in the December 12, 2000 issue of the Philippines Start stated In a anneal of bad news, there was iodin item I found grouchyly depressing. Filipino first year high school students ranked 36th among 38 countries in the Third International Mathematics and scholarship Studies (TIMSS). According to result, in the latest TIMSS, Japan ran fifth in Mathematics and fourth in knowledge.It can be expected that many people will really blame the education system for the Filipino students dismal performance. Although the schools along with the curriculum, teacher, supervisor, administrators and othe r elements that comprise the scuttlebutt components of the school as a social system, should take part of the blame. 5__________________4 National Science Foundation, 1999).5 Aquino, G. Effective Teaching.EDCOM reports that teacher is unforesightfully trained. many an(prenominal) teachers at all levels do not gravel the optimum qualification for teaching. The proportion of high school teachers of science and mathematics, for example, do not have notwithstandingthe minimal preparation for the teaching ranges from 54.6 percent to 5 percent. IN the 1991 DOST test given to both teachers and students in first year of the Second Education political platform (SEDP), the total mean percentage score (54.08) of the first year high school teachers was only 8.79 points higher than those of the students (42.29). This deplorable performance can be traced to poor teacher training and the low quality of students enrolled in the teacher training.6To further upgrade the standard of science educ ation in the Philippines, the Department of science and Technology (DOST), University of the Philippines Science and Mathematics Education (UP-SMED) now National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (NISMED), the Department of Education (DepEd) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have launched a joint project, the purpose of which is to __________________6 (EDOM 1995).develop human resources which would ultimately enhance and upgrade the capabilities of science and mathematics teachers. The core program was the development of mentation skills through practical work and laboratory experiment.7These are challenging times for the countrys educational system Cooperative efforts at all levels of counseling are directed towards common goal to improve the quality of education. Much more evident are such efforts aimed at reform in Science Education. Varied approaches and techniques have been pioneered to make classroom filled with fruitful investigations to un cover new and useful informations. A great variety of instructional materials and facts intended for daily classroom instruction have been assembled utilizing the indigenous resources of the community. Innovative procedures of presenting learning tasks have been tried to make every teaching-learning situation, encounter more exciting and hallenging.8 Of the 50 schools tested, ___________________it was revealed what students from 20 schools did not master the topic taught, 27 schools nearing mastery, and only 1 school reported mastery level.9The low performance of students in science also became the vindication for the formulation and launching of the Science and Technology Education Plan (STEP) with Project RISE (Rescue Initiative for Science Education) as one of its project under the manpower development component.One of the major problems cited in the Accomplishment Report prepared by STEP stated, every little was done about following up the trainees on in their use of their ac quired skills.10The problem reported b the STEP, prompted the researcher, being one of the trainors of the program, Project RISE, at the Regional Science and Teaching Center (RSTC-UEP) to judge the accomplishment of Project RISE, as to whether it achieved the goal and objectives set for the training of science teachers to ___________________ improve their teaching competencies and raise the performance levels of the students in General Science.Statement of the lineThis get hold of will try to assess the effectiveness of Project RISE in the Secondary Schools in the Division of Northern Samar, using the DOST-SET Monitoring and valuation Forms from its implantation in 1998.Specifically, this study will try to answer at the following questions. 1. What is the extent of accomplishment of Project RISE in terms of1. target area of the program2. Course content3. Participants profile4. Trainers profile2. What is the status of the processing variables such as the following1. Teachers1. Attitude towards teaching General Science2. nitty-gritty knowledge and laboratory skills3. Classroom management4. Time management5. Teaching strategies6. Skills in the utilization of instructional material7. Skills maintaining classroom discussion8. Skills in motive2. Administrators1. Administrative support3. Student1. Attitudes towards General Science3. What is the status of Project RISE on the following 1. Teaching competencies of the teacher-participants as observed and evaluated by the principal. 2. Teachers perception on how the training improved their competencies. 3. Students performance in General Science/Theoretical FrameworkThe framework for the military rank of Project RISE in the Division of Northern Samar particularly in General Science, will make use of the system theory propounded by Millilin. musical arrangement theory engages a process of examining a school system or educational system (for a program or project), not by little by little approach where every ele ment of the system stand independent of the others, but as an organic group of elements, as a system with inter fill subsystems privileged the school system (social, economic, cultural, political and technological), a system that contributes to society through its outputs the same society from which the school received its inputs, andlayer on as a system that receive feedbacks from the society as to the defined value added through outputs.11Moreover, that the system theory gives a holistic view of advocating its internal efficiency as well as its external productivity it calls for an interdisciplinary approach which mean that I call ups how all the various system are interrelated, and it is a _________________self-connective approach because it considers and shekels from feedbacks received from its environs.12 The appraisal process using the system theory is hinged on the input, throughput and output concepts.The input includes the setting of verifiable objectives that become sta ndards the throughputs refers to the actually performance of the cheek that is being evaluated the outputs include the measuring of performance against standards such as the formal type of comprehensive review. A build in feedback mechanism pinpoint the flaws or errors in program implementation. Then corrective actions for undesirable deviation from standards are formulated. The system of evaluation is cyclical in nature consistent of formulation, implementation, monitoring and feedback pointing to the ceaseless assessment for program change and improvement. Whichever is pinpointed as error implementation become the focus corrective decisions and actions and for program revisions.The advantage of the system evaluation concept deception in its ability to correct program errors at their earliest stages. Early direction and correction of ____________________12 Ibid.program implementation errors diminish the possibilities of subject financial losses and unnecessary waste of efforts by the personnel implementing the program.Therefore, assessing Project RISE, specially those having bearing on its accomplishments and innovations achieved by the teacher trainees in GeneralScience six year after might be a sound decision.This study is also supported by Bautistas theory on evaluation, which take away light to the program design, assesses the implementation in terms of results of long effects. It is evaluation that provides timely and realistic feedback to the change agents, making the maximization of fiscal manpower resources possible. Programs are not evaluated attend to maintain a status quo to stagnate subsequently. One type of evaluation is the ex-post evaluation or impact evaluation. This is undertaken to determine whether the program or project merits expansion or replication in other areas and ascertain what aspects can be modified to improve implementation in other area. This study is then called an impact evaluation because it with try to assess the ______ ___________status of Project RISE teachers train on their overall performance as General Science Teachers. Carinos theory, also sustains that accountability is a central problem of the brass.The activities of civil servants and universal agencies must follow the will of the people to whom they are ultimately responsible. The public ness of their employment and goals therefore prescribe their behavior and circumscribe their choice. Therefore, all individuals and office continue to have a range of options as to how they would act. The evaluation of whether such action would be within the bounds of their authority is referent to the concepts of accountability.Accountability focuses on the following 1) regularity of fiscal transactions and the faithful compliance as well as adherence to legal requirements and administrative policies 2) efficiency and economy in the use of public funds, prosperity manpower and other resources 3) concerned with the results of government operation 4) hum an resources accounting and the __________________analogies of economics and social impacts of programs, and 5) emphasizesprocedures and methods operation and on the transformation of inputs to outputs.15This study is an assessment of a project, which derives its finances from government funds, therefore projects implementers and all those involved in it are accountable to the people and the society.Another theory to support other variables identified in this study, such as attitudes and values of teachers, is that one advocated by Thorndike. The connectionist theory or the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theory. This view was based on the concept that bonds or connections are formed between situations and suppose. Thordike advocates the idea that learning results from translating sense impressions and impulses to action learning occurs through change in connection between particular stimulus and a response, hence, connections are the key to understanding a learning task. _________ __________15 Carino, Ledevina, Administrative Accountability A Review of the Evolution, Meaning and Operationa-lization of a Key Concept in Public Administration).16 Gregorio, Hernan, Principles and Methods of Teaching.In the same manner, the own(prenominal) attitudes and values of the teachers may have much to do with their teaching effectiveness because they could be the basis for their behavior, decisions and choice. This is so because values are deep-rooted motivations of behavior. They defined what is important to the individual.16 In this study, it may be stated that the attitudes and values of the General Science teachers will have bearing with their work as teachers. What they believe in and what they consider important will influence their decisions and choices.Conceptual FrameworkThe framework for the evaluation process has three components inputs, throughputs and outputs. A built-in-feedback mechanism is the place toderived information for project revision or improvement . Following the evaluation process, the inputs of Project RISE in Region VIII in general and in the Division of Northern Samar in particular are the objective of the program, course content, participants, trainers, and training ___________________procedures. The actual performance in the implementation of Project RISE will be expresses in terms the end-to-end or processes.These consists of the teachers attitude towards teaching General Science, the General Science content knowledge and skills, classroom management, time management, appropriateness of teaching strategies, skills in the utilization of instructional materials, and skills in maintaining classroom discussions and skill in motivating. It will also include the teachers teaching competencies in teaching General Science as perceived by the principles, the teachers own perceptions on how the Project RISE training improved the competencies as observes by their principles and the students performance in General science as meas ured by a test in General Science.

Improve Concentration Essay Example for Free

Improve Concentration EssayIt is mostly due to peer pres accepted. In such a situation, p atomic number 18nts are often seen oppugn the counsellors as what can be through with(p) to encourage their child to concentrate and also have good social skills at the analogous time. Well, here are a few answers. The key to having good concentration is being smart. The child should be smart enough to concentrate while having fun. This can be done in many ways. While in class, if he/she is finding it hard to concentrate, here are a few tips they can adopt in pitch to improve their concentration skills. . Sit in the front row. Sitting in the front row helps you steer away from distractions like speaking to your friends, whispering or even passing notes.The closer you sit to the teacher, the better you understand. 2. Participate in class. The people who concentrate, know that the key to good concentration is participation. Ask questions, start a discussion, debate with the teacher. It mi ght sound to be geeky, but once you get the hang of it, its hard to get out. It is a lot of fun and you also look into extra. . Strategize your notes. Jotting down the points the teacher says is something which every child in class does. Dont be stereotypical. Dont make notes, instead make learning strategies. Its fun and at the same time itll make you stand out and you also will be entitled to think out of the box. 4. Turn off your phone. Having a phone is a major distraction. In class, make sure your phone is turned off. Dont cheat yourself by profiling it to vibrate or silent. Turn it off, be honest to yourself. nothing will jar your concentration more than getting a text from your friend during a class. 5. Get some good breakfast. It can be authenticlaimy hard to concentrate when your stomach is growling away the hunger. Its hard to concentrate on what is being taught when youre raiding a buffet in your mind. Make sure you eat a healthy breakfast. precisely ensure that you do nt fill your stomach to an extent where it will make you sleepy. 6. Have upholds while studying. Having a prop to play with while studying can make studying so much fun.For example If you are studying about the earth, have a bollock in your hand. Turn it around, see where the countries are located, play with the globe. This will make studying easier. 7. Use gadgets for studying. If you are bored of using the same old writing and books, use e-books. Buy an iPad or simply make notes on your laptop. 8. Have group study parties. Invite a bunch of friends over to your house and call it a study party. This not only sounds cool but is also beneficial. It will help you to study and will also improve your social status.But all you have to ensure is that you actually study with those friends and not just waste time in talking, dancing and playing around. 9. Exercise everyday. Yoga and meditation is the go around way of improving ones concentration skills. Even 10 minutes of meditation wi ll calm your mind and will help you concentrate with a top out mind. I have been practicing these tips for a long time. And it has helped me achieve a lot of things in my life. I suggest the readers to follow these guidelines and be successful in your life.

The Limitations Of Written Communication English Language Essay

The Limitations Of pen Communication English spoken language EssayWritten communion is transmittable by written words in the form of allowters, memos, circulars, bulletins, reports, instruction cards, manuals, magazines, handbooks etc. Written Communication generally moves downward. Upward converse in the written form is generally discouraged, or the workers ar unwilling to use it. Dynamic management should encourage it by installing a suitable suggestion system under which workers ar allowed to write their grievance and suggestions freely.Written communication can baffle out place through the hobby modesLetters Communication though is a very old mode. Under this the message is transmitted from the senders to the receiver though a letter. The receiver may give his response though another letter.Notice When many people within an organization are to be contacted, notice is one of the exceed method. It is the most common method of mass communication.Memo/Memorandum It is an informal message between members of a social club pertaining to routine matters.Telegram For contacting people at distant places telegrams can be used. Since it given an impression of emergency to the receiver, immediate response is possible. To convey the matters urgently and to take actions, telegrams are used.Telex It is a device (telegraphic device) which has a facility to type out the messages simultaneously on the senders machine and the Receivers machine. It is a channel for sending as well as receiving messages. Telex messages can be used on a screen in share markets, newspaper offices, airports, railways stations etc.ADVANTAGES OF scripted COMMUNICATION Written communication is used to issue specific instructions and orders to the subordinates.Written communication is the only way out when the message is quite extensive and it is not possible to convey all the points through oral communication.Some sequences, written communication are also used to elaborate verbal comm unication and to maintain a record of it. Written communications serves as a reliable record for future reference and can be used in efficacious proceedings.Written messages are to a greater extent carefully formulated than oral communication. That is why, they are more clear and specific.Written communication is a cheaper means of communication when the parties to march on are situated at distant places.It is very difficult to alter the contents of the written message.Response to written communication is generally well-thought out because the receiver gets sufficient time to understand and evaluate the message.LIMITATIONS OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Written communication is more expensive for transmitting the short messages. It also takes long time to convey the message.Once a written message has been dispatched, there is little scope left for making amends for the inaccuracy that may have crept into it.If the written communication is poorly drafted, it may create misunderstanding and confusion in the mind of the receiver. It may lead to creation of conflicts between the parties to communication.Written messages give rise to queries for clearing and elaboration which lead to future loss of time an money. Moreover, written channels may be blocked due to bureaucratic procedures in the organization.Written communication is generally formal in nature. One cannot make use of postures to convey ones feelings and emotions along with the written message.CHOICE OF METHOD OF COMMUNICATIONIt is difficult to predict which method of communication will be used in a particular organization. In practice, all the three methods of expression are used in alter degrees under different circumstances. Postural communication is frequently used to supplement oral communication. Written communication has been found to be effective in the following situations Executives give written instructions where the assignment is important and it is necessary to fix responsibility.Written comm unication serves the purpose of a record for future reference.Workers / Trade unions make use of written communication to communicate with the management formally and to get formal response from the management.ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONIn modern organizations, the use of computer-based applied science to communicate is wide spread and becoming increasingly commonplace. The facsimile (fax) machine is now is key piece of equipment for sending messages between locations and use of the copier and electronic mail systems allow information to be circulated more widely and more rapidly than ever before. In fact many innovations including computerized information, processing systems, telecommunication system, veil and intranet have revolutionized the organization of today. As a result managers a can send (and receive) various types of communications to (and from) 1% or a meeting bewildered around the world on their computer terminals and they can do so in their cars or via their notebook computers and cellar phones on the train. Several new industries are developing around information storage, transmission and retrieval that were not even dreamt few years ago.Organizations can design computer systems that allow designated individuals access to allot information from a database. For example, a computerized personnel system can hold information on each employees career history, references, performance ratings, pay progression, attendance record, disciplinal action and so forth. Access to the for sale information can be restricted in various ways. For example, job history, references and previous performance ratings could be available to the department head but not the immediate supervisor of the person. The same principles can be applied to any of the companys information systems including financial and marketing.INTERNET AND INTRANET profits communication between individuals and business organizations of different cities, states and nations is increasing tremendou sly. Internet is a web of millions of computer users linked by telephones on thousands of interconnected nedeucerks. The reasons for the popularity of internet admit i)global dissemination, ii)quick and better interaction, iii)effective integration, and iv)facilitation of electronic commerce(e-commerce)Several companies have also developed companywide intranet systems for efficient internal communication. An intranet system makes available internal E-mail, company policies and directives and enables information sharing passim the organization. It, thus, paves the way for a jockeyledge-based organization.EFFECTIVE WRITING SKILLSUnified writingCoherenceUnified Writing Effective writing is always unified. There is a fit development of the topic duly selected. There is no digression in the development of the topic. The position and the stature of the reader is always to be kept in mind.Being Senior Manager, HR, of my company. I would need to use clear, neat and modern English in wr itten communication in the business environment. Using a list format, write a set of guidelines including at least twelve items to advice staff members in my organization on how best to communicate effectively constraintUse simple fate structure. Complex sentence structure can complicate what you are trying to say and be easily misunderstood. Keep your sentences concise and to the point. Instead of saying I would like to schedule a meeting to discuss the pertinent facts of the case at your earliest convenience, say Please let me know when we can meet to discuss the case.Avoid JargonDo not use jargon or language that only you and select group of individuals understand. Your written communication should be accessible to your audience, no matter who you are communicating with. Technical language and jargon should only be used when more simplistic language will not suffice.SpecificityProvide specific details whenever possible. Avoiding writing in ambiguous or unclear details. Instead of writing I have a lot of experience working in this field, say I have worked as an engineer for three and a half years.Be ConversationalWritten communication is different from academic or scholarly writing and should be more conversational in nature. As a radiation diagram of thumb, write in similar fashion as talk. Read your message aloud to ensure that your writing sounds conversational.Ideas in SequenceTry for an average sentence length of 17 words. Introduce no more than one or two ideas per sentence. The average paragraph in a business letter is two sentences long. Long paragraphs often contain more than one idea and can be split so that each idea has its own paragraph.Avoid Gendered LanguageAvoid attaching a masculine or feminine pronoun to your writing. While it is technically sound grammar to use he or his when the sexual urge is unknown or when referring to a group of people, the language may offend some people. To be on the safe side, do not use a gendered pronoun unle ss you are sure of the persons gender you are referencing.Avoid Passive LanguageChoose active verbs instead of passive verbs to add interest to your written communication. Write I drove to the edge on Saturday, instead of When I was driving to the beach on Saturday. . Using active voice will also allow you to sound more conversational, as we rarely use passive voice in verbal communication.Be PersonableIf you know the person you are writing to, acknowledge this relationship. Instead of development blanket pronouns such as you, use the persons name. Make the information you include in your written communication pertinent to the reader. Depending on the relationship you have with person, undertake and end your writing with an appropriate greeting.Medium SelectionChoose the right medium for your written communication. Whether you use email, text messaging, or a letter depends on who you are writing to and what you are writing about. If you have never used text messaging in the work environment, it may not be the best way to correspond with a coworker.Appropriate HumorUse humor in moderation, and only when appropriate for the situation. If you are unfamiliar with your reader, avoid making jokes so as not to offend the reader. If you have a good relationship with your reader, feel free to use humor in your written communication. Even if you know the reader well, avoid offensive or controversial humor.Proof ReadNo matter how good at writing you may be, it is critical to demonstration read your written communication. Check for spelling or grammatical errors in your writing. Make sure that what you have written effectively communicates the intended message.Write with a Positive ToneEstablishing the right tone in written communications can make the difference between a positive response and a hostile one. To help create a positive tone Avoid I. Instead use you as the subject of sentences to get the reader involved.Use the readers name, if the proportionality is ad dressed to one person.Replace negative words with positive ones. Instead of saying Dont hesitate to call me, try Feel free to call me. language with negative connotations include delay, doubt, difficult, fail, problem. Words with positive connotations include glad, improvement, service, happy, contribution.Present ideas as possibilities, not as difficulties to be overcome.CONCLUSIONWriting is always a delve action with a clear purpode. The purpose of writing is to communicate ideas, facts, impression, analysis, conclusions etc. A writer shares his or her experiences with his or her readers. However, it is true that the writer should know how lots indication time he could seek from his reader or reads so that he succeeds in expressing himself. A good writer is that who succeds not only in making the best possible use of his time but also in presenting his or her matter in such a way that reading of which makes the reader willingly, with interest and with no sense of loss or wastage of time, extend the duration of reading thinking and further reading and finally contributing his or her best to the cause of writing.

Environmental Capability Evaluation for Tourism Development

milieual Capability Evaluation for Tourism DevelopmentEnvironmental capability evaluation for tourism Development in Ilam township using RS GISShamsollah Asgari*1, Mehdi, Nikseresht2, Mohammad Faraji Darabkhani3, Mehdi Ahmadi4Abstract Industrial Tourism is today the attention of many Governments. And now one of the most profitable sectors of the global economy is. Tourism fabrication on the national employment rate, income, consumption, and investment has positive effects. Relate to target tourists, tourism have been classified into different types, one of which is ecotourism. Ecotourism is now a small(a) part of the measure of Industrial Tourism. In this research, using Boolean logical mould of ecotourism-prone force field of Ilam city has been identified. Therefore the information layer contains symbolize meridian levels, zoning of the slope, plant life, body of water sources, were prep ared. And then by combine the layers overlap and information in GIS environment. T hen base GIS layer the competent zone to outgrowth of ecotourism in Ilam Township was indentified. The result of research showed, that much more attractive areas are located in the north and center of the area and the South East. These areas have vegetation and natural forests, water resources and good climatic conditions. As well as Areas with low attraction be located in the South and West area.Keywords Environmental capability, tourism Development, Ilam Township, RS, GIS.1. INTRODUCTIONDeveloping tourism as a business has a great impact on strengthening communities economic foundation. Tourism, as a source of new jobs, incomes, taxes, exchanging and strengthening social infrastructure, will grow and boost other civil industries (Lankford Howard, 1994 122). Most of the developing countries are now in raise of developing tourism exertion (KO Stewart, 2002 523). In recent decades, the importance of tourism has internationally been augmentd from the viewpoint of the number of tourists who arrive in the target areas and the focal point it affects on the local economy (Pigozzi B. and Sambrook R Thomas R.). However, it must be noted that the improvement of tourism quality should not threaten the sustainable development of the industry, itself (Haiyan S. 2005 Papatheodorou A.). Ecotourism should be considered as a part of sustainable tourism. Ecotourism is an applied tool to support sustainable development (Ceballos, 1998, Lascurain), close tothing which is expected to play a major place in boosting development process and of course conserving tourism target areas. Ecotourism development will be achieved if it combines with other factors including cooperation among tourists, residents and local managers (Ceballos, 1998, Lascurain). Wrong assessments about both environment and ecotourism destinations will cause various problems in understanding the real damages in the tourism target areas. However, here are a few applicatory assessments, which have been conducted in various regions. It should be said that at the moment some standards and criteria are still on the verge of developing (Ross, 1999 Wall). Traditional approaches based on inappropriate law and regulation has had harsh consequences on local residents living in tourism target areas (Heinen, 1996, McNeely, 2001 Wells Brandon, 1992). This may lead to negative interaction among locals and park zone authorities (Brandon, 2001 Hackel, 1999). Managing the target areas successfully, will not be achieved unless authorities cooperate, connect and support local communities (Gurung, 1995). Authorities should bear local communities to be involved in controlling tourism protected areas. Authorities should also use proposals local communities offer for protecting areas with blue tourism potentials (Alpert, 1996). In order to meet such standards, many plans and programs have been adopted all over the world. Protecting Ecosystem and preserving wildlife has been considered as a high p riority national crossways the world (Fennell and Weaver, 2005). Eco-system could cause more benefit for the local residents. It also could attract international support for preserving protected areas. Ecotourism squirt be regarded as a major solution for economic problems and problems tourism target areas are challenging with. It also plays a major role in global economic growth, curiously in the developing countries. Tourism improvement basically stands on the consistency, attention and accompanying with the nature along with preserving and boosting main infrastructures in areas with high tourism potentials. However, mismanagements in tourism industry will cause negative effects in the pre-determined standards in the local areas with high tourism capacities. Ecotourism can create benefits for local residents and can also attracted international support for protection regions(Fennel, 2005). Hence the support and participation of local people is essential to create a sustainable ecotourism) Yoon, 2001). And development of ecotourism should increase the maximum participation of local communities in the conservation of natural areas (Cooke, 1982). Today, the phenomenon of tourism and ecotourism, in terms of its abundant income, many of the worlds countries have it that the contributing in this industry (Tremblay, 2004) Ecotourism means a trip to different regions of the country and of different communities, natural and cultural monuments(Wight, 1994).2. CASE STUDY ilam County with an area of 400,000 square kilometers less than one percentage of the full area of the country was including, in the West and confederationwest of the country, between 31 to 34 and 58 minutes and 15 minutes north line of latitude and 45 degrees 24 minutes and up to 48 degrees 10 minutes East along the meridian is located relative to GMT (fig1).3. MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1. PROBABILISTIC Boolean LOGIC AND WELL FORMED FORMULAEInformally, probabilistic Boolean formulaelike their d eterministic counterpartscan be constructed from the Boolean constants 0, 1, Boolean variables, and probabilistic Boolean operators probabilistic disjunction, probabilistic conjunction and probabilistic negation. probabilistic disjunction, conjunction and negation will be represented by the symbols _p,q and r respectively, where p, q, r are the corresponding probability parameters or probabilities of nicety. The probabilities of correctness associated with the disjunction, conjunction and negations operators are such that 1 2 _ p, q, r _ 1 and p, q, r 2 Q, the set of rationales. Initially, for clarity of exposition and for a model of exhaustible cardinality, we consider only rational probabilities of correctness. We seek the indulgence of the reader and will defer a more detailed discussion of the justification underlying our cream of considering rational probabilities, to Section 3. A pair of probabilistic operators, say in the case of probabilistic disjunction, _p,_p, will be d eemed identical whenever p = p. They will be considered to be comparable whenever p 6= p. Similarly for probabilistic conjunction and negation. Analogous to well-formed Boolean formulae, well formed probabilistic Boolean formulae are defined as follows(1) Any Boolean variable x, y, z, and the constants 0,1 are well formed probabilistic Boolean formulae2.(2) If F, G are well formed probabilistic Boolean formulae, (F _p G), (F p G) and (pF) are well formedProbabilistic Boolean formulae. Henceforth, we will use the term probabilistic Boolean formula, or pbf to refer to a well-formed probabilistic Boolean formula and the term Boolean formula (bf) to refer to a classical well formed Boolean formula (which is deterministic). In addition, the length of a probabilistic Boolean formula is the number of operators n in the formula. Given a pbf F, we will use varF to come to the set of variables in F. IfvarF = _, that is if F is a formula over Boolean constants, F will be referred to as a clos ed well-formed Probabilistic Boolean formula or a closed pbf.3.2. Data and analysisIn this study the surface height social occasions, digital elevation model map of (DEM) with a health spatial resolution 90*90(cell size 90) of the map, digital elevation model (DEM) was selected for the whole country. The digital elevation model map of ilam DEM map in GIS environment was developed then categories. The maps used in this research are topography, slop, vegetation, come to use, hydrology, and water resource. After the analysis of the environment GIS, Using Booleans were weighted, and the final map was prepared and the Environmental capability evaluation area has been determined.4. RESULT AND DISSCUSION 4.1. Suitable area to mountingThe suitable area to mounting in the research, that s the high more of 1800 meter and slop between 20 and 70 percent are the suitable area for mounting. Less 8 percent of the total is suitable to mounting. These areas are more great heights mountain ( Manes ht Mountain, gchan, ghlarang and are included) and these area be located in the South and South-East of the city(fig2).4.2. Suitable zones for hillside climbingThis area of the 16% of the total area of area is included, which has a height of more than 800 and less 2050 and has a slope of between 20 to 70 percent. The annual clean temperature of the area is between 12 and 20 c. And the amount of rainfall between 400 and 900 mm variable. 80 percent of zone is covered by woodland areas. This zone is located in the northern and central of ilam township . These areas are not included, only mounting more than 2050 mm (North and Central Highlands) and parts of the south area then are covered to slope of the low that has low rainfall and vegetation (fig3).4.3. Suitable zones for water sports, swimming, and fishingthe area more scatter and about 4/12 percent of the total area is included and the surrounding area of 1,500 meters of water resource and springs, rivers and lakes are included (fig4).4.4. Suitable zones for family campAreas suitable for ecotourism include areas that have suitable vegetation and beautiful perspectives. The range of 3/35 of the total area of the zoning is included. This range has a entire level of oak forests dense and dense vegetation, and having permanent springs and rivers can be a good place for ecotourism. These areas generally include the northern portion of the township (And the beautiful forest park Dalahoo, Tajarin, Bankol , Hyanan tight, Meshkhas and Ilam dam basin are included). Rare plant and animal species present along with unique vegetation in some areas (manesht) and dense forest and natural beautiful including perspectives (A massive reef, amp, deep canyons, faults, caves, natural) Includes the tourist attraction in this zone (fig5).4.5. Suitable zone for nature therapyThis zone includes areas that are located near the spa springs, these areas include spas in the area including (Dshtlg and tang Bijar ) About 0/7% of the t otal area of the city are included. The spa springs with a temperature of about 50 c and therapeutic mud pools around them has led the natural springs be importance of special mud therapy, This therapeutic properties for rheumatism, allergy, boils, wounds, as well as broken bones and soreness can be very effective(fig6).4.6. Suitable zones for overwintertime sportsIlam County has high mountains. Altitude of over 2000 meters, less than 2% of the city can be include. But the mountains of the township, such as the kaber khoh, manesht, gchan, ghlarang, Sivan have a height of more than 2600 meters. Much precipitation as snow in winter, Due to a thick layer of snow in the mountains is the creation and capacity winter activities at least until the end of June suitable area for winter sports in the township, about 51/1 percent of the total area of the city is included (fig7).5. The results of the overlapping layers of information on Boolean logic modelThe range of number 0 This range of ecotourism in zoning the township lacks none of the ecotourism activities. This area of the 27% of the total area of the area are includes. In fact, 27% of the total area of the city lacked the potential for ecotourism activities. Due to the low slope and height less than 800 meters apart from areas that are at the margins of rivers and springs, There are no potential to ecotourism activates in this area.5.1. The range of number 1 the area has been the potential for one ecotourism activities such as climbing, winter sport or water sport. This area of more than 37% of the township area is included.5.2. The range of number 2 the area has been the potential for two ecotourism activities. The altitudinal range of this area is between 800 to 2000meter this area is about 26% of the total area of the township are included.5.3. The range of number 3 the area has been the potential for three ecotourism activities, this zone across the mountain range and the Northern County has been high and the potential for ecotourism activities such as mountaineering, trekking, cave view the natural landscape, the winter sports and ecotourism, and camping. This area of about 6% of the total City area is included.5.4. The range of number 4 the area has been the potential for four ecotourism activities, having potential for ecotourism activities such as climbing, winter sport, view natural perspectives, winter sports and ecotourism. This area is less than one percent of the total area is includes (fig8).6. CONCLUSIONAccording to what is passed on the basis of the results obtained from the analysis of the data and the findings of research. However 70% of the total area of the township of Ilam, there is enough potential for the six basic activity. In this zoning that Obtained via Overlapping layers of information, Such as digital elevation models, slope, vegetation, and hydrology and land capability. E ecological capability in six ecotourism activities was identified. Among the six menti oned activities, ecotourism family with more than 35% had the greatest extent. This is due to the high mountains and density of vegetation and forest in area. Mountain climbing as well as domain due to congestion in the city and That covers most of the mountains are forested and have been a good slope for this exercise, With 24% of span Second place is allocated. Winter sports and Nature therapy with less than 2 percent lowest among these activities.

Indias Current Relations And Foreign Policy Politics Essay

Indias Current transaction And Foreign Policy Politics Essay Modern Indias foreign policy came in to creation with the independence in 1947. bank then, the nation, as a satellite of the British Empire, was bound by the identity and postulates of foreign policy dictated by the erstwhile Empire. Thereafter, India charted a course of its sustain independent foreign policy. The same being a subject of vast scope and not particularly relevant to this thesis is not discussed here. It would be worthwhile in scheme of things to discuss the basic determinants which steer Indias policy in case of Middle easternmost which is based on fol smalling five unproblematic factors7-(a) Reliance on Middle East gas and oil, which makes it binding on India to maintain cordial dealing with most of the major(ip) suppliers, including Iran, UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Iraq. However, India does not privation to face any temporary cut-off in its supplies or an increased price hike. Also, it does not wa nt to be dependent on Pakistan in this regard.(b) While being a secular democracy, India is also a major Muslim state, and dealing with Iran, in particular, resonate in the northern Indian heartland, notably Uttar Pradesh. Also, India has a plumping group of Shia support groups. Thus, India has to eternal rest amid its foreign and economic policies on one hand, and domestic politics on the other. Indias preferred strategy is to avoid, at every last(predicate) costs, any stark choice amid the loss of domestic political support and achieving some foreign policy goal.(c) India is hyper sensitive to criticism of its policies in Kashmir, and wants to forbid the major Muslim nations from either intervening in Kashmir or supporting Pakistan. Thus, India conducts balance of power diplomacy, aimed at countering Pakistani modulate in Middle East and to keep Kashmir away from any discussions.(d) India has initiated relations with Israel in field of technology, military benefits intell igence leading to increase in its influence in Washington. However, India has to carefully balance its equations with Israel and other Middle East nations.(e) India also does not want to run afoul of USs non-prolif termtion policies in the Middle East, even though strategically utterance India has reservations about us non-proliferation goals and tactics. Conventionally India was instrumental in building a theoretical case against NPT. The same arguments are now been used by Iran and North Korea for advancing their cases.14. The major players in Middle East region presently are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq and Israel. The other smaller Gulf States like Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, Lebanon, Syria, Kuwait, Yemen and a couple of(prenominal) other states constitute the rest of Middle East region. Out of the said nations Iraq presently has ceased to be an important power in the region after the strain by the UN chock ups backed mainly by US and NATO states.15. India has traditionally pursu ed a pro-Arab policy towards Middle East nations and remained aligned against Israel until 1990s. This was basically aimed at countering Pakistans influence in the region and to secure access to Middle East petroleum resources. In the late 1960s and 1970s, India successfully developed mutually beneficial economic exchanges with a tally of Middle East countries particularly Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and other Persian states, thereby, improving two-sided relations with them. This strong kind particularly with Iran and Iraq helped India stand the displeasure of Islamic nations during 1971 Indo-Pak war.8The relationship was further cemented by Indias anti Israeli stance during 1967 and 1973 Arab Israel conflict. The situation continued until 1978 and 1979 when the establishing of Islamic regime under Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan supporting the Marxist regime in Kabul complicated Indias relations with Middle East. This resulted in weakening of Ira n as regional power and growing of Pakistan as important player in balance of power in the region. The major powers like US, China and Arab world aligned themselves towards Pakistan to counter the rising Soviet influence in the region. For about a decade India did the act of fine balancing its stand and role in the region. However, in the 1990s India took a loss from its staunch anti Israel stand and initiated relations with the Zionist state. This was dictated by practical economic and security considerations in the post C senile war era and the influence of Hindu nationalist sentiments. Thus, following the example of Soviet Union and China, India also established relations with Israel. Once again during the Persian Gulf war (1990-91) Indias Middle East policy had to face a new test. It had to decide among adhering to its traditional Non Alignment policy sympathetic to Iraq or favour the confederation of Arab and Western countries which would have been beneficial to Indias eco nomic and security interests. After initial ambivalent approach India joined ranks with the later and supported the UN resolution authorising the use of force to expel Iraq from the Kuwaiti territory. The improvement of relations with most Middle East nations was pursued with renewed vigour by the Indian government in middle 1990s. The present relations of India with Middle East nations are discussed in subsequent paragraphs.16. Saudi Arabia. Historically Indo- Saudi ties have been based on trade. In the old times it involved spices and in modern times it has become based on petroleum. Besides, the two nations also share cultural ties due to the large number of Muslim population in India and 1.6 million Indian work force in Saudi.9India and Saudi Arabia initially established diplomatic relations in 1952 and their relationship progressed smoothly in the 1950s plainly suffered during the Cold war era due to Indias inclination towards the Soviet block and Saudis traditionally nigh r elations with Pakistan. Thereafter, Indias relations change with Saudi Arabia in beginning of 1980s and increased cooperation was seen in economic, trade, science, technical and cultural fields. However, once again the relations felt the heat on account of different stands taken by both the nations during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. The Saudi Arabia initially supported the mujahideens followed by the Taliban, whereas, the India supported the cause of the Northern Alliance. The relations amid the two once again saw improvement in 1990s leading to increased visits, exchanges and economic and scientific cooperation. This was followed by the signing of Delhi solving in 2006, a bulky ranging agreement which includes in its ambit mutual agreement to strengthen and broaden economic ties, cooperating in combating international crime and ensuring the perceptual constancy of the oil trade.10The relations between both the nations are grounded on the following defining factors-(a ) Economic. Although, based on cleverness exports the bilateral trade relationship between the two has grown significantly since mid 1990s. In FY 2007 India imported $ 12.4 gazillion of petroleum from Saudi Arabia (26% of Indias overall petro import). The non-oil bilateral trade also increased from$ 1.3 billion in FY-2002 to $ 3.5 billion in FY-2007. In addition India also received remittances worth $3 billion from the workers in Saudi Arabia. The predicted bilateral non-oil trade between the two nations is likely to cross $7 billion in FY-2010.11(b) Defence, Labour Relations and Education. India and Saudi Arabia are working towards an increased cooperation on defence and relate technology. The sizable Indian diaspora in Saudi Arabia is also an important contributor to the required workforce so vital to its economy. Another focus area between the two nations is education and efforts are being made to enable increased number of Saudi Arabia students to pursue Post Graduate and Doc toral studies, especially in technical institutions of India.17. Iran. The relations between Iran and India trace back to 3500 years ago, however, in much of the twentieth century they have shared a unstable relationship. diplomatic ties between the two commenced in 1950 but immediately faced the first roadblock when Iran joined the Baghdad Pact. Thereafter, the relations improved in 1960s but again received a setback when Iran aided Pakistan in 1965 conflict against India. Subsequent to 1971s decisive victory over Pakistan the relation between the two slates improved considerably and led to number of agreements including that on nuclear cooperation in 1974.12However, the establishment of theocratic Iran in 1979, subsequent to the Islamic Revolution once again disconnected the apple cart. The relationship between the two remained cold during the entire 1980s as Iran didnt show any inclination to improve the relationship and India remained wary that Iran pass on import Shiate terr orism to India. The relationship between the two improved in 1990 due to Indias desire to secure energy supplies and economic opportunities in Central Asia and the showdown of both the countries to the Taliban in Afghanistan. The rise of Sunni Islamist forces in Afghan theatre, especially Pakistan based Taliban proved a great unifying force leading to deterioration of Iran- Pakistan relations. The Indo-Iran relations picked up further momentum as India opened towards it due to its energy requirements subsequent to loss of Iraqi sources after 1991 Gulf war. The main foundations of relations between India and Iran are discussed below-(a) Economics and Energy. India is worlds sixth largest consumer of energy and Iran is the fourth largest supplier, obviously, energy is the most important pillar between them.13Both the nations have held regular bilateral meetings focusing primarily on the energy supply issues including the proposal for a Liquefied Gas Pipeline from Iran to India throug h Pakistan and alternatively, through tanker. However, the said scheme has not been fructified due to US pressure on India and Pakistan against the deal and the Indian fear that it will provide Pakistan too much leverage over Indian energy supplies. However, the plan has proved resilient and not yet died down. Meanwhile certain other bottlenecks to the scheme have emerged inform of increased pricing by Iran. On its part India is keen to commence procurement of LNG by sea, which will require establishing LNG terminals at Iran to allow exports. This is not possible because it will require certain US components which will end up violating the US sanctions against Iran. The present state of the said scheme is in limbo.(b) Defence Cooperation. Defense cooperation has been another important part of the Indo-Iranian relationship. In the 1990s, India assisted Iran with upgrading its Russian-built military equipment, including adapting batteries for its Kilo-class diesel submarines avionics upgrades for its MiG-29 fighters. Since 2000, India has conducted joint patrols or exercises with the majority of the navies of the Indian Ocean littoral. The 2003 meeting between Khatami and Vajpayee on Indias Republic Day produced the Road constitute to Strategic Cooperation, which presents goals for fulfilling the cooperation envisioned in the New Delhi Declaration. A number of reports have mentioned more direct Indo-Iranian cooperation in the realm of excuse, such as Tehrans acquiescence to Iran-based Indian intelligence operations and even potential Indian military bases in Iran. Indias assistance in upgrading the Iranian port of Chahbahar has led many to vulgarise that Indian warships would be based there in order to outflank Pakistans China-assisted Gwadar port, seemingly pitting rising power against rising power.18. Israel. Indo-Israeli ties remained at a low level throughout the cold war for both ideological and practical reasons. Indias large Muslim population was, of course, a factor. Furthermore, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias prime minister until 1964 was a close friend of Egypts Nasser, who was an implacable foe of Israel. While India and Israel periodically cooperated on mutual interests, such as Israeli aid to India during the 1962 war with China or proposed plans to pulverize the Pakistani reactor at Kahuta in the 1980s,14their public relationship often was acrimonious, especially after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, which put Indias allies in direct conflict with Israel. In fact, in 1975 India publicly supported and funded the Palestine Liberation Organization and voted for the UN resolution to equate Zionism with racism. The decline of the Soviet Union forced India to re-evaluate its foreign policy resulting in opening of the Indian economy and a desire to trade with high-tech states, including Israel. The new approach to foreign policy, combined with the new initiatives to end the Arab-Israeli conflict in the wake of the 1991 Gulf War and the pu sh by the opposition led to India initiating close ties with Israel and the two countries established full diplomatic relations in 1992. For about a decade afterward, commercial trade in arms and other goods thrived and ties were quietly strengthened. Indo-Israeli military exercises and agreements in the fields of the environment, health, illicit traffic in drugs, indorse waivers for diplomatic service personnel, and an educational cultural exchange program. In the same year, India and Israel issued the Delhi Statement on Friendship and Cooperation, in which they agreed to cooperate closely on counterterrorism and called on the international community to take decisive action against cross-border terrorism and money-laundering operations to finance terrorism.19. Defense collaboration and arms sales with Israel picked up in January 1999 when the unify States withdrew the sanctions that it had imposed on India in the wake of New Delhis 1998 nuclear test. In the late 1990s India purc hased unmanned aerial vehicles, artillery, and radar systems from Israel. The emerging Indo-Israeli relationship was codified in 2001 with the creation of the Joint Defense Cooperation Group, which meets annually to solidify defense deals and military ties and coordinate the security relationship. India has become Israels largest arms market, overtaking Russia in 2009. India has purchased a wide range of technically advanced equipment and weapons from Israel, including antimissile radar and electronic warfare components for the Indian navy and air force, for a total of more than $5 billion since 2002.20. Indias Relations with The Small Gulf States. Indias ties with the geographically small but economically important Gulf states of Oman, Qatar, the UAE, Bahrain, and Kuwait have been historically good due to trade and migration and their accredited economic relationship is booming. Indias trade with the six Gulf Cooperation Council states (excluding oil) totaled $86.9 billion in FY 2008-09, surpassing Indias trade with the European Union ($80.6 billion), the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries ($44.6 billion), and the United States ($40.6 billion).15Looking to the future, Indian leaders have expressed a desire to continue the rapid expansion of trade, attract Gulf investment for major infrastructure projects, and broaden their Gulf state relationships beyond economics. In a May 2008 speech in Abu Dhabi, Indias external affairs minister, Pranab Mukherjee, called for a transformation of Indias relations with the Gulf states beyond that of a buyer-seller relationship to a more substantial and enduring partnership. With Indias thriving economic relationship with the Gulf, continuing demographic ties and nascent defense cooperation, such an evolution may already be under way.

Analysis of Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen Essay -- Dulce Decoru

Analysis of Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen Based on the poem of Dulce et Decorum Est, by Wilfred Owen.Owens war poesy is a passionate expression of outrage at the horrorsof war and of pity for the young s experiencediers sacrificed in it.It is Dulce et Decorum Est which provides a very dramatic andmemorable exposition of the psychological and physical horrors thatwar brings about.From the first stanza Owen uses strong metaphors and similes to conveya strong warning. The first line describes the troops as beingness comparableold beggars under sacks. This not only says that the men are tiredbut that they are so tired they have been brought down to the level ofbeggars. Coughing like hags suggests that these young men ( humankindy whowere in their teens) were suffering from ill health due to the damp,sludge and fumes from the decaying bodies of their fallen men at arms,lying on their chests. It was as well as in the winters of The Great Warwhere the events that, Owen speaks of took place, so they would havebeen prone to pneumonias and other diseases.By using the phrase blood shod Owen is describing how the troopshave been on their feet for days and never resting. Drunk withfatigue, echoes this view that the troops are wandering and stumblingaround aimlessly with no sense of direction or of purpose.In the second stanza, the pace changes to one of urgency Owen usingthe word Gas in swift repetition demonstrates this. By doing thisOwen illustrates the urgency of a life and finale situation, whichrequires the need to put on their gas masks. Owen describes a horrificscene unfolding in front of his very eyes, a scene of a man dying ahorrible death because he was too slow to put on his ... ...one changes to one of questioninghopelessness and of quiet resignation with the invasion of death. Owendemonstrates this by asking the reader to think, Think how it wakesthe seeds- Woke, once, the clays of a cold star. Here the reader cansee that the suggestion of clay as being cold and lifeless and thatwhen the sun tries to warm clay, it in fact bakes it hard.In lines 3, 4 and 5, Are limbs, so dear-achieved, are sides,Full-nerved - warm-to hard too hard to get up? Was it for this the claygrew tall? the reader can begin to ask the age old questions, why?and Are we here for just this reason, too die for the pursuit ofpointless wars that occur through mans own greed of power?BibliographyOwen, Wilfred. Dulce et Decorum Est. Perrine?s Literature Structure, Sound, and Sense. 7th ed. Ed. Thomas R. Arp. Ft. Worth Harcourt, 1998. 565-566.

Use of Satire in Voltaires Candide Essay -- Candide essays Voltaire

Successful Use of Satire in Voltaires Candide Voltaires Candide is the story of how iodin mans adventures affect his philosophy on life. Candide begins his journey full of optimism that he lives in the best of all possible worlds, but he learns that it is nave to say that nigh(a) will eventually come of any evil. Voltaire successfully uses satire as a means of conveying his opinions about many aspects of European society in the eighteenth century. He criticizes religion, the evils found in every level of society, and a philosophy of optimism when faced with an intolerable world. Candide portrays religious persecution as one of the most defeat aspects of society. Voltaire rejects the superstitious beliefs that the church service endorsed. After the great earthquake in Lisbon, the church seems to think that persecuting a few innocent civilians in an auto-da-f will prevent other disaster. The church should be the most civilized aspect of a society, but Candide is flogged in time to a musical procession, Pangloss is hanged, and two others are burned. Voltaire illustrates the irony of the church as a source of violence with the warring churchmen that Candide finds in the Jesuit state in the New World. The Spanish priests in the New World operate on a government where the Fathers have everything, the people nothing...they wage war against the King of Spain and the King of Portugal...they kill Spaniards (Voltaire 53). Ironically, the priests in Paraguay also hold offices in the army. The Baron, for example, holds the act of Reverend Father Colonel. Voltaire stresses the irony of a official of the church that preaches Thou shalt not kill to be an army officer whos job is to murder. The cruelty of Christiani... ...ught corking out of evil, but because he has made his own happiness. Well said, replied Candide, but we must cultivate our garden (Voltaire 120). Works Cited and Consulted Bottiglia, William. Candides Garden. Voltaire A Collection of Critical Essay s. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Durant, Will, Ariel Durant. The Story of acculturation Part IX The Age of Voltaire. New York Simon and Schuster, 1965. Frautschi, R.L. Barrons Simplified Approach to Voltaire Candide. New York Barrons Educational Series, Inc., 1968. Lowers, James K, ed. Cliff Notes on Voltaires Candide. Lincoln Cliff Notes, Inc. 1965. Richter, Peyton. Voltaire. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1980. Voltaires Candide and the Critics. atomic number 20 Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1966. Voltaire. Candide. New York Viking Publishers, 1976.