Problem Oriented Policing Pros and Cons

Problem Oriented Policing Pros and Cons Problem Oriented Policing What, exactly, is problem oriented policing? Critically discuss its potential benefits. Policing in the UK and many other countries play an extremely vital part in helping to reduce different forms of crime. The police have a major impact on what becomes defined as a crime, which offences are prioritized, and which sections of the community are portrayed as ‘dangerous’ or ‘troublesome’. (Waddington, 2000:156). There are a number of different approaches to reducing crime; however my main focus throughout this essay will be on problem oriented policing. Problem oriented policing has its advantages as well as disadvantages in preventing crime. In this essay I will discuss whether problem oriented policing has potential benefits in order to prevent crime in society. Police in the UK today is seen as a civil service that helps to solve and tackle the problem of crime. The police are faced with many problems everyday and do their best to deal with it within the restrictions of law, there are a number of different policing strategies used to tackle and prevent the problem of crime. Policing is a social institution which involves maintenance, peacekeeping, crime investigation, prevention and the rule of law enforcement which involves having a certain amount of power to serve their purpose (Jones and Newburn, 1998). To understand the current situation of policing it is essential to look at the background and history how crime was reduced in the past and what changes have been made in order to help reduce and prevent crime today. Although policing has some core features globally (Bayley, 1985; Mawby, 1999; Waddington, 1999a: 3-4), the exact forms that it takes vary widely, even within particular localities. Modern British policing, for example, with its ‘omnibus role’ incorporating ‘crime prevention, detection, peacekeeping, public order maintenance and the preservation of state security (Reiner, 1994a:755) emerges from several very different historical strands. The occupation of patrolling to prevent crime and apprehend offenders emerged from the functions of the medieval constable and watchmen, while ‘riot control’ emerged from the role of military in suppressing disorderly crowds (Rawlings, 2002; Vogler, 1991). These differing traditions, and the ideologies and practices they have given rise to, represent continual tensions in policing. Crime in the past was not as a great deal as it is in today’s society. There have been a lot of social changes as a result the way in which the state was controlled differed as there weren’t a lot of opportunities to commit crimes in the past. In today’s society, there are many different forms of policing as there are a number of different offences that need to be dealt with in a diverse way. In 1829 Sir Robert Peel established one of the well recognized policing systems which were the Metropolitan police. People hoped that the political system would improve aspects of society because in the 19th century, crime rates were increasing and the home office and government needed to act quickly upon this problem or things would get worse. Also there is a criticism of the role of policing as it is only concerned with crime and the enforcement of law which has restrictions and limits only to a certain extent to prevent crime (Goldstein, 1979). Goldstein argued that a new strategy needed to be developed as most crimes are in the same place and committed by the same individuals. Developing new strategies for preventing crime came about because of social, cultural, economic changes and growth of the state over the years. The criminal justice system as an approach on its own didn’t seem to have a great deal of an effect in controlling crime as it was made up of prosecuting, sentencing and punishing those who had offended. As a result when addressing the problem of crime, it was seen as a suitable way to use an additional approach alongside the criminal justice system which in this case is problem oriented policing (POP). In the 1980’s a new idea was introduced to the police in order to reinforce primary crime prevention. ‘This idea was called problem-oriented policing (POP), which was developed in America by Herman Goldstein’ (Goldstein, 1979; 1990) it’s purpose was to seek the main route of the crime and analyse it in order to understand why the crime had happened. POP became a success in the UK and North America. (Pease, 1997). It involves rank and file officers becoming pro-active in solving root causes of reoccurring problems in relation to the type of offender, localities and victims (Tilley, 1996). Problem oriented policing is a type of pro-active policing strategy and has become increasingly influential in the UK and addresses problems systematically in an ongoing process. The development of POP was based on perception that demands placed upon the police service meant that key issues of community to the community were often neglected (Tiley, 2003:318) ‘thus the active involvement of the community and external agencies is often vital to the identification of problems and the development of strategies to solve them’ (Leigh, Reid and Tilley, 1996:5). Crime prevention in Britain has constantly been seen as being the duty of the police. The British crime survey in 1982 showed that crime was four times higher than police had recorded it. (Walklate, 1996.) And more recently Barclay, (1995) found that only 3% of government expenditure on crime and criminal justice matters was spent on crime prevention. (Pease, 1997.) This showed that that the police alone could not combat such a level of crime. The basic premise of POP ‘is that the core of policing should be to deal effectively with underlying police-recurrent problems rather than simply to react to incidents calling for attention one by one as they occur’ (Bullock and Tilley, 2003:1). ‘This approach places the application of scientific methods at the heart of policing’ (Ekbolm, 2002; Bullock and Tilley, 2003: 5-6; John and Maguire, 2003:38) and involves: ‘identifying and analysing recurrent problems’ ‘interrogating their underlying sources’ ‘finding some points of intervention that will block caused and risk factors’ ‘Implementing the initiatives that have been devised’, ‘evaluating the success of initiatives put forward to respond to identified problems.’ An example of this would be in Clarke and Goldstein, 2002, which was a study done on a construction site that concerned theft. The crime was understood to be easy access to valuable products being available where the site was poorly safeguarded. With police assessment and knowledge of the problem, the construction site followed guidelines and some procedures where the police monitored compliance in order for it to be tracked. The results showed that the reaction the police got was successful as the analysis focused on understanding the circumstances that caused the problem to occur in the first place. In this sense it could be seen as a successful way to help prevent crime as no power was used, no arrests were made and it solved the problem quickly and effectively saving the police and company time and money. This is a successful way to monitor how different companies can protect themselves by doing a straightforward task such as getting appropriate equipment to guard property such as alarms, and then offenders will think twice before wanting to carry out a crime if the opportunity is not there. Problem oriented policing also engages in problem analysis triangle (PAT) and scanning, analysis, response and assessment (SARA). In a two year research project conducted in Leicestershire, there was training based on PAT and SARA which provided officers with knowledge of what the job involves. This was an experiment which involved tackling specific problems. The research project makes use of the strategies by identifying a problem, using knowledge and data to look further into the problems and causes of crime. It also teaches officers how to respond in an effective way by working with the community to assess if the solutions worked and what has been learnt. Problem oriented policing has gone further by being introduced in Thames Valley policing in 1997, Merseyside and other police forces. This shows that the approach used is a wide geographical spread, long term prevention program that is successful in tackling the underlying causes of problems. This project builds an idea how it would be successful to deal with problems and help prevent crime by working together and finding a solution that will prevent problems. It also shows how PAT and SARA is used to prevent crime and solving community problems. Problem oriented policing is therefore examining patterns of crime to identify and prevent underlying problems within the community. Oriented policing has shown to of had a great impact on the United States and is becoming more influential in the UK. The government and home office have implemented and introduced several different laws and agencies to help reduce crime. However, it is open to discussion to say what it is regarding problem oriented policing that has made it more significant in the UK and does it work? There are many merits as well as drawbacks to the benefits of problem orientated policing. There are a number of benefits of problem oriented policing, these include: ‘Decentralisation, POP attempts to move the focus of police decision making away from managers and towards front-line officers who are in a better position to understand the causes and possible solutions for problems’( John and Maguire,2003:65). It has been argued that ‘officers must know the underlying issues locally, be in contact with the community, have information to help understand the nature of the problems that generate clusters of incident, be supported by senior offices in attempting to solve problems imaginatively and tailor problem-solving to emerging local issues’ (Jordan, 1998:73). This should enable police resources to become more directly related to community needs. ‘Enhances the status of neighbourhood officers, POP envisages a significant role for local police officers whose status in the police service are likely to rise’ (Blair, 2005). ‘A shift away from law enforcement, POP involves activities to solve crime-related issues which are undertaken by agencies other than the police and by local communities’ an example of this is the burglary reduction initiative on a large housing estate in Stockport. (Bratby, 1999: 28-9). ‘Emphasises the importance of intelligence to police work, POP places considerable emphasis on the gathering and analysis of intelligence as the basis of society’s response to crime. The emphasis is on eliminating problems in the future as opposed to reacting to past incidents’ (Joyce, 2006:130). However a drawback of this point is it could be argued that the scanning and analysis of the data collected may not be accurate as it is community biased so is the data collected true and who is benefiting from the work carried out. It could be looked at in a sense that the community need to help themselves address issues as well as with the help of the police. For example when addressing the trouble of gang activities, the community need to get involved by disciplining their children and if gangs are making a nuisance of themselves then the community need to tackle this problem together. Even though there is optimistic perspectives in the benefits of problem oriented policing. Problem oriented policing has changed the work of some police forces so it makes it easier to refer to other cases and they have knowledge of what is going on. Officers will find it easier to respond to problems and know what they are dealing with so that the main cause of the problem is solved, reducing the risk of it happening again. It is obvious to state that the police must work with the community to know what issues must be addressed, however, how much are people in the community willing to participate. It has been seen that progress in applying a problem-oriented approach to policing was patchy (HMIC, 1998) and many were identified as being a long way off from implementing it fully (HMIC, 2000). The reason for the relatively slow progress includes: ‘The need to respond to incidents, much police work is demand led, having to respond to calls for help made by members of the general public’, ‘Complexity, considerable social skills are required in connection with problem identification, the analysis of their causes and the evaluation of the strategies to respond to these issues. These skills are not readily found within the police service, these activities are time consuming’. (Goldsteing, 2003; Matassa and Newburn, 2003:213). It has been argued that ‘POP is interpreted and implemented in too many ways to permit any firm conclusion’ (Stockdale and Whitehead, 2003:244) it has been further argued that the assessment of outcomes in monetary terms is insufficiently developed to be able to assess whether POP is cost effective Stockdale and Whitehead, 2003:249). It can also be argued that problem oriented policing deals with minor incidents such as theft and ignores other major problems. By focusing on such a minor problem is not going to be benefiting the community as there are other crimes that need to be addressed and the police will sooner or later deal with the problem by enforcement. A small amount of attention is paid to the oriented policing approach in dealing with problems it is likely that with policing they tend to naturally think enforcement. Oriented policing is interpreted and implemented in a number of ways; it is difficult to implement it. Also officers may not take the approach seriously due to the hassle of paperwork and following that procedure sometimes does not fit in with the police forces routine so there is the drawback of the approach not being used. Culture is another drawback within the police force as most officers have the principle that crime can only be solved if actual force is used. If officers are following this belief then no problems will get solved because the origin cause will not be solved, offenders will keep committing the same offence and officers will take action by using enforcement. It is clear to see that problem oriented policing has its drawbacks but this is the situation with most crime prevention strategies. Every strategy that has been implemented will always have its pros and cons. Research shows that this approach would work if it was encouraged more and used more effectively within the day to day routine of the officers. The police forces find it straightforward and easy to use enforcement. Other strategies involved in reducing crime, such as intelligent led policing and community policing. They work in a different way compared to problem oriented policing. Even though these three models are pro-active strategies there job roles cannot be correlated to work collectively as they have different means and different functions. The proactive approach has an impact on crime reduction as it produces a compelling solution and reduces the underlying causes of crime without being too reactive. There are a number of factors that make up problem oriented policing and it has a lot of benefits. The benefits of problem oriented policing are clear to see that it involves a better served public, convenient demands on the police because underlying problems are solved such as reducing replicate emergency calls and officers with greater job satisfaction from being successful in meeting the communities objectives. Overall it seems that Goldstein’s approach was not successfully used as it was planned. The main reason being the police force are involved in tackling the cause of problems but there is no time for it as police forces are so complex. The objectives of policing are set nationwide and there are no serious circumstances of implementing problem oriented policing, I have outlined many advantages and disadvantages to this approach throughout this essay, and it seems to show that the benefits are lower than the disadvantages of this approach for this approach many things do need to change also other agencies need to be involved as it cannot solely be up to just the police force to battle the problem of crime. On the whole, problem oriented policing has its implications but it has delivered some benefits and the approach is still undertaken today so to a degree it is beneficial to the community in some way. Referencing list Goldstein, H. (1990) Problem-Oriented Policing, New York: McGraw-Hill Joyce, P. (2006) Criminal Justice, An Introduction To Crime and The Criminal Justice System. Chapter 3 (page119) Policing: methods, structure and organisation Lecture 7 Handout, Proactive/Problem Oriented/Zero-Tolerance Policing Maguire Mike, Morgan Rod and Reiner Robert, 2002, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, chapter 26, Crime Reduction. Newburn, T. (2003) Handbook of Policing, Cullompton: Willan Tilley, N. (2005) Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Cullompton: Willan Walklate, S. (Ed. By McLaughlin Muncie) (1996) Controlling Crime. London: Sage.

You Don’t Know What You Have Til It’s Gone

You Never Know What you Had ‘Til It's Gone To Kill A Mockingbird Is one of those stones that gives a deeper meaning to the simplest things. As it is in the title, obviously mockingbirds are important to this story. The first that these mockingbirds seen are when Scout and Jem got their ar rifles. Atticus, not wanting to teach them how to shoot, gave them a rule he wanted them to follow. â€Å"‘I'd rather you shot at tin cans in the backyard, but know you'll go after birds. Shoot all the blue]ays you want, if you can hit 'em, but remember its a sin to kill a mockingbird. That was the only time I ever heard Atticus say it was a sin to o something. and asked Miss Maudie about It. ‘Your fathers right,' she said ‘Mockingbirds don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They dont eat up people's gardens, don't nest In corncribs, they don't do one thing but sing their hearts out tor us. Thats why its a sin to kill a mockingbird. ‘†(90) In To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, we are shown important lessons that even now we can use. The story tells us that mockingbirds are harmless, innocent creatures, and killing them is wrong, because they don't hurt anyone, nor do they want to.The symbols of the mockingird used in the story are generally important in he town of Maycomb. If one of them were taken away the whole town of Maycomb would be worse off because of It. Tom Robinson Is one of those people that we need these days. He would help others no matter what small thing It was, It might have not even mattered who It was, and wouldn't take or ask tor anything in return. He just knew how to be thoughtful like it was a second nature to him. In the story, Tom was first introduce as the man who was to be defended by Atticus, because it was claimed the he raped Miss Mayella Ewell.During his case he had two acclaims against him, Mayella Ewell and er Father 30b Ewell, but it was clear that Tom was innocent with every word he said In c ourt. When it was said that Tom was killed it pulls at anyones heart strings, even to the citizens In Maycomb. Even Mr. underwood, though without being exact, gave the message of the mockingbird In the editorial after Tom's death. â€Å"Mr. underwood didn't talk about mlscarrages of Justice, he was writing so children could understand Mr Underwood simply figured it was a sin to kill cripples, be they standing, sitting or escaping.He likened Tom's death to the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters nd children, and Maycomb thought he was trying to write an editorial poetical enough to be reprinted in the Montgomery Advertiser. â€Å"(241) He tries to get through to everyone In Maycomb to understand that Tom and the mocking bird are one in the same, because of him being a cripple. The senselessness of his death, as It seems, is the key: killing Tom didn't make things good nor did It prevent something bad, Just like shooting a mockingbird. The price of this mockingbird may have been Bob Ewells life, for trying to kill him offfor Mayella's mistake, tempting a negro.The next time a mockingbird turned up in the book is with the assultot Jem and Scout in the end of the book. Scout shows how she understand how they shouldn't drag Boo, Arthur Radley, into court. â€Å"Atticus looked like he needed cheering up. I ran reassured him. ‘Mr. Tate was right. ‘ Atticus disengaged himself and looked at me. ‘What do you mean? ‘ ‘Well, it'd be sort of like shootin' a mockingbird, wouldn't it? ‘† (276) All that Boo did was watch the neighbourhood, gave trinkets to Scout and Jem in the knot of a tree, and protected them when they were attacked.Harming someone who never ment to harm anyone and tries to help is like killing a mockingbird, and arresting Boo would serve no real purpose. Though the next example is not the typical idea for the mockingbird symbolisum he still gives the same message as his character further developes in the story. Atticus Finch is on of those people who has a great influence on others because of his wisdom and kindness. â€Å"Judge Taylor was saying something. His gavel was in his fist, but he wasn't using it. Dimly, I saw Atticus pushing papers from the table into his briefcase. He snapped it shut, went to the court reporter and said something, nodded to Mr.

Ethics †Hamburger Essay

Finance is an essential part of Business. It is imperative to be ethical in this sector as it’s the area that handles the money, various ethical issues fall under this sector for example, unlawful conduct (bribery). Health is also a imperative part of business as a business needs to have a sanitary area for employees to work, it’s even more important for McDonalds as they make food. Kitchens & the restaurant need to be sanitary. It’s rather unorthodox that I put Finance and health together, but the combination can bring out an ethical issue which is Bribery. Restaurants Get Health inspections on a regular bases to ensure they are kept to a good standard, it’s not uncommon for a Inspector to be bribed by an owner to give them a good result. Jacksonville October 2011[1] is a perfect example; two men were arrested for receiving bribes. The men were giving good results to poor standard restaurants. These restaurants were named within Jacksonville this means they will receive much less business, they will be lucky to get a few customers. These Restaurants have acted unethically which is part of the reason for the major decline in customers. McDonalds have had one issue of bribery, this was in Hong Kong. The managing director for McDonalds Hong Kong[2] was arrested for accepting bribes. The suppliers of McDonalds Hong Kong were bribing him to ensure McDonalds used them to supply the major fast food restaurant. This was a major hit to McDonalds as their reputation was tarnished, this had an effect on them, and Chinese investors did not want to invest in an unethical company. McDonalds Finance department need to ensure they don’t bribe inspectors or other bodies that have an impact on McDonalds, as that can hurt their reputation by a very large amount. McDonalds finance should also allocate money to ensure stores are sanitary; this will give them no reason to be bribed. McDonalds UK are on the right track as they own the farms that supplies its stores. Ethics: Marketing & Human Resource Many Ethical issues occur in Marketing such as discrimination. The implications this can have are catastrophic. McDonalds being a fast food need to ensure that they don’t discriminate when advertising a new product (promotional burger). If they discriminate then the person subject to discrimination will feel emotionally hurt, which is bad as people around that person will stop going to McDonalds, this will lead to a massive decrease in customers. as they will not want to eat at an unethical restaurant. A prime example of an unethical advert is that of Sony [3] Sony were put under the microscope in recent years as they displayed an unethical advert. The Advert was for the PSP (Play Station Portable) the first issue was the fact that they vandalized New York City in order to create its advert, the images painted on the walls was also discriminating to certain races. Sony was lucky that people never saw this as the sales of their PSP would have been much lower than it was. McDonalds Have a menu just for Children, this means advertising towards them, in doing this they are hooking young children to the temptations of Fast Food. This is an ethical issue as they are increasing the rate of obesity. McDonalds have now made their child menus healthier by giving fruit and veg with each meal. They also advertise the fact that fruit is tasty and healthy. They are trying to get children to eat more fruit. Competitors of McDonalds have no such philosophy, for example KFC advertise family meals, which is good for social backing but, the food they advertise is high in salt, fat and oil. All of which are bad for the body. McDonalds need to ensure that when creating a new meal they don’t discriminate against a race. For example if they make a New Mexican Meal, then they need to make sure they don’t advertise in a way that discriminates against Mexicans and they don’t use any labels within their advert. The HR department helps the marketing department. They tell them various things like, what is considered as discrimination. The HR department must ensure this advert does not discriminate against anyone. HR and marketing also work together when it comes to recruitment, the HR department tells marketing what the criteria for a job is, they must ensure no bias and discrimination is involved within this criteria. The Marketing department will then advertise this to the public. If the advert discriminates against someone then the public will think McDonalds is a poor place to work. Food Production Food production has many Ethical issues especially for McDonalds as they are a Fast Food business. Selling their food means their will be an increase in obesity which is a major ethical issue, as the life expectancy of people will drop. This Issue is perhaps the biggest yet. McDonalds have done well to counter this issue (selling healthier meals) they also warn customers what they are eating. The salt content of the Big Mac [4] is 2. 1g this is 42% of a persons daily allowance. Their Medium Fries has 0. 6g of salt this is 12% of a person’s daily allowance. Therefore a meal will have 2. 6g of salt which is 54% of your Daily Allowance, and this is just one of your daily meals and yet you have taken in 54% of your daily allowance. As you can see the health risks are very bad. McDonalds have tried to make a healthier menu but the fact is people love the taste of their burgers, and reducing the salt content can have a monumental effect on the taste. Another Major debate is the meat used within Beef burgers. In recent times there has been a major controversy about Horse meat [5]. Horse Meat has been found in Beef Burgers at Various stores such as Tesco, Burger king etc†¦ These Companies have made Customers afraid of Beef Burgers as they do not know the true ingredients. This issue is big because Tesco was feeding Horse meat to customers without the customer knowing. To make things worse Tesco and other Supermarkets also have traces of Pork within their Beef Burgers, this is a mega breach of trust as people from a Muslim Household are prohibited from eating Pork. Doing this Tesco and other super markets have affected all types of people. McDonalds major Competitor Burger King has also been selling Beef/Horse Burgers, this has ruined the reputation of Burger King, and it has also made people wary of most Fast food stores, as they are not sure what kind of meat is in their products. The Implications of Fast Food are both good and bad; the good part is that it is fast and convenient. The food itself is also made to be a quality meal, for a small price tag. The bad part of Fast food has already been spoken about, health risks. McDonalds need to create even more variety when it comes to healthy meals, as the burgers are still favourable they need to make healthy meals more competitive. Environmental Implications Global Warming is a huge issue. All people in the world contribute to Global warming, even breathing contributes towards it. Global warming is the melting of the polar icecaps, this raises the sea level which means sea level countries will soon be under water. The destruction of the Ozone layer is another issue, if the ozone layer is destroyed then the suns rays will be at full strength which means ultra violet radiation will increase causing a high increase in skin cancer. Businesses have been warned about this and are expected to reduce their energy consumption; they can do this by finding an alternative power source. McDonalds spends millions on energy and water. But money is not the issue, the environment is seeing a major decline, McDonalds have tried to counter this by finding and alternative energy source for their stores. So far they have only got one which is in America, this store uses geothermal energy to heat the store and light it. McDonalds use a lot of packaging; it was smart of them to switch to recycled packaging as this helped the environment. They should tell their customers how important Recycling is. Recycling [6] is the process of reusing paper, glass etc†¦ It is an essential part of our eco system as it saves trees from being cut down, this means more oxygen in the air, which helps the planet in various ways, such as prolonging our resources, this helps cut down Global Warming. Food Production also contributes to Global warming, as they use machinery to produce it, this increases their carbon footprint, taking the size of McDonalds into account it would be hard to acquire the figure of their carbon foot print, but we can assume that it is a very large amount, McDonalds is doing various things to reduce it (environmental projects). Global warming is also very dangerous now as its melting away the homes of various animals such as Polar Bears, the species is in danger because of this. Companies need to cut down on the use of energy to save these animals, and to prolong the life of the Earth Corporate Implications Corporate implications are related to ethics. There are rules and regulations put into place for businesses to follow. These rules are to ensure companies act ethically. McDonalds is doing a great service to the UK as they provide lots of money to government (through tax) they also promote healthy eating, some say this is ironic as they sell fast food, but they are minimising the effect of the ethical issue that is Fast food. Staff at McDonalds needs to know how to act ethically, McDonalds can train staff to do this. McDonalds have been subject to some ethical issue e. g. Hong Kong director arrested for accepting bribes. McDonalds manages need to ensure they comply by the rules put into place to protect both businesses and customers. They must Ensure their legal patents are taken seriously, what i mean by this is the use of their name and logo. Small businesses sometimes copy the brand image of McDonalds as it helps bring in customers due to the customer thinking the store is part of the renowned restaurant. McDonalds has patented their logo to ensure other businesses and competitors can’t use their logo in a professional manner. They have also patented all their products meaning people can’t use the same recipe to make their products. They’ve also patented the names of each product e. g. Big Mc. In doing this they have ensured people can’t copy their brand. Sources [1] http://jacksonville. com/news/crime/2012-05-01/story/jacksonville-police-arrest-2-state-inspectors-restaurant-bribery-sting [2] http://www. chinacsr. com/en/2007/08/14/1599-mcdonalds-executive-arrested-for-taking-bribes-in-hong-kong/ [3] http://www. ethicsscoreboard. com/list/sony2. html [4] http://www. mcdonalds. co. uk/ukhome/more-food/savers-menu. html [5] http://www. telegraph. co. uk/earth/agriculture/supermarkets/9844352/Horse-meat-scandal-Now-Tesco-and-other-supermarkets-admit-to-pork-traces-in-beef-burgers. html [6] http://www. benefits-of-recycling. com/whyisrecyclingimportant/.

Japan s International Business Environment Essay

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Women Of The American Revolution - 1081 Words

Women from all over the world have been faced with many difficult problems since the beginning of time. Women in the past have had to fight for their rights of education, freedom, sexual choices, and their freedom to work. Women today still face problems because of their gender, but times are slowly but surely changing. Before the Revolution women had no say in any activities they participated in. Women had to obey their husbands, give them sex whenever they wanted, had no choice over reproductive patterns, were strictly in charge of taking care of the house and children, and were not allowed to leave the homestead. Joan R. Gundersen argues that the women of the American Revolution gained more than they had lost. She believed at that time the greatest changes appeared enhancing the lives of everyday women. Gundersen organized the book in many different ways. The prominent topics throughout the book were relocation, education, marriage, pregnancy, and constant changing times. The thre e women she selected belong to different classes, and have come from separate parts of the world. This choice was not by mistake, she chose these three completely separate lifestyles to show that these problems were not only occurring inside of one area or class. She selected these women to represent a whole for all women of this era. All women had to deal with the same problems, maybe not in the same way, but in similar ways. The book was told in chronological order excluding the prefaceShow MoreRelatedWomen Of The American Revolution1960 Words   |  8 Pages In media, women have always been depicted as housewives or homemakers. In commercials, they are always the ones cleaning, cooking, or in some way taking care of children. If you are watching a cleaning commercial, there is always a child making a mess, a father that doesn’t know how to clean it, and a mother who comes to the rescue and cleans it. The ideal that women are the â€Å"weaker† sex has always been po pular. 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The role of women as wives became more important as an emphasis on virtue was established; women were encouraged to find virtuous husbands and utilize their seductive nature to keep men virtuous. The roles of women as mothersRead MoreWomen and African American Roles After the American Revolution754 Words   |  4 PagesThe roles of many started changing after the American Revolution, in what could be done and who was able to do it. This began the revolution of people who now had a taste of what the future could hold and how important their role would be in making sure it is better for all future generations. In particula r women and African-Americans, two groups of individuals who for very different reasons were looked at as inferior and could only do so much in the grand scheme of things. These two groups were

Introduction. There Are Many Factors To Consider In The

Introduction There are many factors to consider in the development of an environmental and physical security policy. Many may believe that these two components are mutually exclusive; however, there should be careful consideration as to whether or not include the two components as one singular policy, with sections that represent each. As one would expect, the physical aspects of the policy govern physical access to facilities, as well as to information technology resources. The environmental aspects of the policy govern the information technology resources, and there may be overlapping areas that the policy must address. Environmental and Physical Security Policy Organizations must establish an information security environmental policy,†¦show more content†¦Physical security must also consider how to address visitor access, and issues where badge access cards may have become lost or stolen. Physical security should include the use of security guards, monitoring equipment, and screening procedures for those who need access to secured areas (Allsopp, 2009). Each component of the policy has key members that must be included in the development of the policy. Roles and Responsibilities There are key individuals that have a specific role, and responsibility in the development of an information environmental, and physical security policy. As with all policies, there must be a top-down approach, which begins at the highest levels of management. The CIO of an organization is responsible for ensuring the policies are administered correctly, and that the policies align with business objects. A security policy of any type should not prevent the business from operating correctly. The IT department managers play a key role in ensuring that their respective departments have sub-policies that are aligned with the overarching policy. 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Risk Management in Construction-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: To what extent does Risk Management in Construction Projects have beneficial effects on emerging Countries' Economies? Answer: Introduction: Development and construction has a considerable impact on the economic growth and sustainability of a country. However, construction projects are associated with major risk factors as well, and in case those risk scenarios are not managed accordingly. The detrimental impact of risk consequences on the economic growth of the country can be extreme as well. It can be mentioned in this context that the impact of faulty construction risk management is even more profound on the emerging countries. It must not escape notice that in case of emerging countries the developmental progress contributes handsomely to the economic stability (Fellows Liu, 2012). Hence, this paper will argue that optimal and adequate risk management activities in case of the construction companies contribute the economic growth and stability of the emerging companies in terms of time and manpower management, cost management, procurement, opportunity identification and sustainable environment-friendly developmental goals. Body section 1: Risk management in construction aids in optimal cost management: Cost management can be considered the most direct advantage of construction project risk management; however, in certain circumstances the individual expense for the risk management procedure itself threatens the financial limit of the project itself (Fellows Liu, 2012). Although, risk management avoids many financial risks that can eventually help in maintaining the financial stability of the project (Merrow, 2011). The developmental construction projects are considered to be one of the greatest contributing factors behind the developing economy of the entire nation. Although the magnanimous developmental projects require adequate funding and time devoted to the project as well. In case of an emerging country, the optimal utilization of the resources utilized for the developmental projects is crucial for economic stability of any emerging country. Hwang and Ng (2013) stated that the construction industry can be considered as a highly heterogeneous and extremely complex associated with a number of risks and difficulties that can prove to be excruciating hurdles in the path of optimal economical development of a developing country. As there are various hazard risks associated with the construction projects, the possibilities of the hazards sabotaging the resources utilized for the construction projects are extremely high. Merrow (2011), has opined that adequate risk management activities can be ex tremely helpful in safeguarding the monetary expense invested by a national government in a particularly large developmental construction project. For example, there are various softwares like @Risk, Risk+, PERTmaster project risks and Predict, which has been noted to ease the risk management procedure in an efficient manner (Zwikael Ahn, 2011). Although, it can be stated that the extra resources invested in the extensive risk management procedures can be a significant impact to the financial standing of the project (Merrow, 2011). Body section 2: Risk management in construction helps in time and manpower management: One of the most effective forms of risk management in construction projects in emerging countries is time and manpower, although in all circumstances, general risk management procedure might not result in the advantageous outcome for time and manpower management where more critical and advanced risk management is required (Qazi et al., 2016). However, it can be mentioned that utilizing software based risk management procedure like analytical hierarchy method can be beneficial in optimal time and manpower management. It can be mentioned in this context that the manpower and time invested by a nation in a rather large construction project is considerably higher. Now construction projects of such intensity can be very unpredictable in terms of successful implementation and outcome generation. Kelly, Male and Graham (2014) explained that the impact of the risk management can be considered a business process management phenomenon that takes into consideration identifying and addressing the root cause of the hazardous risks that has the potential to challenge the outcome of the particular project. Hwang and Ng (2013) agreed on this fact and explained that the risk management procedures are comprehensive and systematic and explore, evaluate, and respond to all the risk-causing elements prevalent, to successfully achieves the construction project objectives. It also needs to be addressed that the time and manpower invested by an economically backward emerging country is massive in case of such projects. A failure may cause the workers and the government a major loss, which developing countries might not be able to afford. In this sector, regular risks assessment activities utilizing analytical hierarchy procedure in all the different phases of the construction project provides an advantage to the national government. However, there are opposing arguments that indicate that utilizing the analytical hierarchy procedure is extremely time consuming and requires expertise to be successfully implemented and many of the construction companies might find using this procedure more critical than standard risk management procedures (Hwang Ng 2013). As a result, the construction authority can rectify the mistakes beforehand through adequate risk management, so that the resources like time and manpower can be saved from being wasted and can be invested in further developmental procedures to propagate the economic and developmental growth of the emerging country (Aminbakhsh, Gunduz Sonmez, 20 13). For example, in case of national construction project OHS (occupational health and safety) frameworks, when the analytical hierarchy procedure is used by the management, all the hazards that are prevalent in the construction sites that are both dependent and independent of human errors can be easily controlled or procured Body Section 3: Risk management plan can help to procure important resources for the construction work With the help of the risk management plan, it is possible to ensure that proper resources are being gathered and stored that can be used for the future purpose (Caiadoa, 2016). On the other hand, it many of the cases, it may be challenging for the construction workers to make the future perditions that are needed for the procurement of the resources. With the help of the procurement and the drafting advice that are needed as a part of the extensive work. It is important to note that each type of the construction work involves different types of resource utilization that is needed for the process of securing of the jobs. Qazi et al., (2016) discussed that one of the major aims of the project managers is to deal with the securement of resources. Schaufelberger and Holm (2017), have provided evidence about the fact that most of the resources that are being allocated for the construction work have the risks of fluctuating prices. This is more likely in the context of dealing emerging eco nomic nations. The example of Lithuanian construction company can be given in the context, which has to hire external resources for the construction project from the foreign nations at much higher cost. This has been a major cause of poor economic development of the nation, where it is not possible for the government to earn major revenues. The risk management plan in the context of procurement can thereby help to ensure high revenue income from the government sources. It can also help in the matter of resource allocation and procuring the same for the construction work. The government can also help in the process of risk mitigation and improve the chance of economic development. The example in this context can be given that most of the major construction forms partnership with the suppliers groups that help in the matters of getting resources of during the time of crisis (Schaufelberger and Holm 2017). On the other hand, it can also be said that while procuring the assets, there is also the risk of stocking resources for the future. This can increase the chance of shortages of resources during the present scenario (Schaufelberger and Holm 2017). Body Section 4: Risk management can help in the process of opportunity identification The research work of Paul and Basu (2016) discussed, the risk management and opportunity identification of the construction work is becoming more challenging in the context of the current days. This is also due to the change in the nature of the construction work and the demand for the client groups. On the other hand, there is also the chance factor that due to the poor assessment of the risk assessments, it is may not be possible to identify the proper forms of opportunities that are needed to deal with the issues of related to the construction projects. The non-homogeneous nature along with the non-serial type of production has been one of the major challenges for the construction work of the modern days. As further opportunities are being identified, it may be possible to predict all types of future risks that are associated with the work of construction. Advanced level of monitoring is being implemented that are needed to deal with the future challenges associated with the work of construction in the emerging economic nations. As future risks of the construction industry are being identified, it is possible to implement the process of long-term savings that is one of the major ways to improve upon the government economy of the nation. The opportunities are also effective in identifying the effective ways to improve upon the usage of the natural resources. Lam et al., (2017), have added in the context that due lack of availability of the natural resources in the emerging nations, they are forced to import the same from the foreign nations. This results in the loss of revenue of the private organizations within the construction industry. The risk assessment planning can help in the se curement of the resources and make proper use of the same in order to deal with the resource challenges. Here the relevant examples can be given that will help in the cases related to that of risk identification. As risks could have been identified, it is possible for the construction agencies to develop policies that can help to make full use of the opportunities (Paul and Basu 2016). It can also be said that there is high level of chance of mistakes that are involved due to poor process of risk assessment. Poor process of opportunity identification can result in false prediction for the future (Lam et al., 2017). Body Section 5: Risk assessment can help to reduce the effect of environmental degradation and thereby help in the process of improving the level of health in the society Perrenoud et al., (2017), have highlighted about the types environmental degradation that is usually caused due to the disposal of constructional wastes. The risk assessment plan can help in the management activity that are needed to deal with the issues of environmental wastages that are caused due to the construction works. One of the major examples of environmental degradation due to the construction work is that of the Dakota Access Pipeline that has received several critics due to over exploitation of the local available natural resources. The transportation of the natural oil for several miles has resulted in the environmental impact that has resulted in environmental pollution in the form of oil spilling and leakages (Hassan, 2016). Hence, in the given context, it is not possible to deal with the adverse effects of the environmental changes that are usually associated with the construction activities. For the emerging economic nations, the risk assessment plans can help to deal with the process of suitable development. There are also special protocols within the risk assessment plans that are needed to deal with the adverse effects of constructional wastes. This can be achieved with the help of implementing proper wastes disposal and treatment procedures. Here examples can be given in the forms that construction project workers use raw materials that are eco-friendly and can also be re-used in the future. In the counter argument it can be said that in order to deal with the effects of environmental degradation, the cost of construction work is increased significantly (Hassan, 2016)) Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be stated that the risk management procedures act as saving grace for the construction companies and government authorities in saving crucial resources like time, money and manpower for the nation. And hence, optimal utilization of the resources is able to facilitate better growth and development for the nation. However, the benefits of the risk management activities are stretched further to incorporate procurement and opportunity identification. It in turn can effectively enhance the revenue statistics of the emerging country effectively. Lastly, sustainable development is a prerequisite for any of the developmental projects all across the world. Therefore, through risk management in context of environmental impact can also help in overall growth of emerging nations to the forefront of global-recognition. References: Aminbakhsh, S., Gunduz, M., Sonmez, R. (2013). Safety risk assessment using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) during planning and budgeting of construction projects.Journal of safety research,vol-46, pp.99-105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2013.05.003 Article 1, Caiadoa, R. G. G. (2016). GUIDELINES TO RISK MANAGEMENT MATURITY IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. Brazilian Journal of Operations Production Management, 13(3), 372-385. Vol 13, No:3 Article 7 Doi: DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.14488/BJOPM.2016.v13.n3.a14 Fellows, R., Liu, A. M. (2012). Managing organizational interfaces in engineering construction projects: addressing fragmentation and boundary issues across multiple interfaces.Construction Management and Economics,vol-30(issue 8), pp. 653-671. Doi: 10.1080/01446193.2012.668199, Article 2, Hassan, M. K. (2016). Risk Management in Construction of Oil Industry Projects in Sudan (Doctoral dissertation, Sudan University of Science and Technology). Retrieved from: https://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/13796 Hwang, B. G., Ng, W. J. (2013). Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,Volume 31, Issue 2, pp. 272-284.doi: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.05.004 Article 3 Kelly, J., Male, S., Graham, D. (2014).Value management of construction projects. John Wiley Sons. Pp. 51-67 Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=MnTCBwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA239dq=Kelly,+J.,+Male,+S.,+%26+Graham,+D.+(2014).+Value+management+of+construction+projects.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons.ots=WEZ_ZTrU8asig=BF4ArO8lOWHBVALE4MM2oyjk9_Aredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Lam, T. Y., Lam, T. Y., Siwingwa, N., Siwingwa, N. (2017). Risk management and contingency sum of construction projects. Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 22(3), 237-251. Vol. 22 Issue: 3, pp.237-251 Doi: 10.1108/JFMPC-10-2016-0047 Merrow, E. W. (2011).Industrial megaprojects: concepts, strategies, and practices for success(Vol. 8). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781119201045/homepage/AuthorBiography.html Paul, V. K., Basu, C. (2016). Scenario Planning and Risk Failure Mode Effect and Analysis (RFMEA) based Management. Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management, 6(2), 24-29. Article 8 DOI : 10.6106/JCEPM.2016.6.2.024 Volume 6, Issue 2,2016, pp.24-29 Perrenoud, A., Lines, B. C., Savicky, J., Sullivan, K. T. (2017). Using Best-Value Procurement to Measure the Impact of Initial Risk-Management Capability on Qualitative Construction Performance. Journal of Management in Engineering, 33(5), 04017019. Article 6 Vol: 33 Issues 5 Qazi, A., Quigley, J., Dickson, A., Kirytopoulos, K. (2016). Project Complexity and Risk Management (ProCRiM): Towards modelling project complexity driven risk paths in construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 34(7), 1183-1198. Article 5 Doi: org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.05.008 Vol: 34 Issue: 7 Schaufelberger, J. E., Holm, L. (2017). Management of construction projects: a constructor's perspective. Taylor Francis. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=8CklDwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Schaufelberger,+J.+E.,+%26+Holm,+L.+(2017).+Management+of+construction+projects:+a+constructor%27s+perspective.+Taylor+%26+Francis.ots=2g-5a9Reh2sig=1DumZuu3AUwesdqRP_xhjrR6ofIredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Zwikael, O., Ahn, M. (2011). The effectiveness of risk management: an analysis of project risk planning across industries and countries.Risk analysis,vol. 31(issue 1), 25-37.doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01470.x Article 4